Personal Law and Succession - Hindu, Muslim and Indian Succession Act
Hindu law
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955: Section 5 conditions, Section 9 restitution, Sections 13 and 13B divorce, Section 14 one-year bar, Sections 24 and 25 maintenance and permanent alimony. Hindu Succession Act, 1956: Section 6 (post-2005) makes a daughter a coparcener by birth; Section 8 lays down the general rules of succession; Section 15 governs succession to a female Hindu. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 governs valid adoption (Sections 6 to 11) and maintenance (Sections 18 to 20).
Muslim law
Nikah essentials: offer, acceptance, witnesses, capacity, meher. Talaq must be pronounced in accordance with the law; irreconcilable triple talaq in one sitting is void under the 2019 Act. Learn khula, mubaraat, talaq-e-hasan and iddat. Hiba (gift) needs declaration, acceptance and delivery of possession; a gift without delivery is generally incomplete. Guardianship is of person and property. Inheritance requires Quranic sharers, residuaries and the two-to-one principle.
Indian Succession Act, 1925
Section 63 for wills (signature plus two attesting witnesses), Section 68 of the Evidence Act for proof of an attested document, Sections 211 to 213 for executor and probate, and separate rules for intestate succession of Christians and Parsis.
Trap
The right of a daughter as coparcener is by birth; the proviso saves only dispositions, partitions or alienations validly made before 20 December 2004.