PSEB Matric Social Science flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mohenjo-daro location

A major Indus Valley city on the right bank of the Indus in Larkana district, Sindh, famous for the Great Bath, granary, grid streets and burnt-brick drainage.

Harappa site

An Indus Valley city near the Ravi in Sahiwal district, Punjab, excavated by Dayaram Sahni; known for granaries, workmen's quarters and a cemetery.

All-India Muslim League founded

Founded at Dhaka in 1906 to safeguard Muslim political interests; its first president was Sir Aga Khan and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk served as secretary.

Lucknow Pact 1916

Agreement between the Muslim League and Congress on separate electorates and seat sharing in provincial legislatures, marking a period of Hindu-Muslim cooperation.

Fourteen Points 1929

Quaid-e-Azam's fourteen demands presented at Delhi, including separate electorates, one-third Muslim representation in the central legislature, and protection of Muslim majority provinces.

Allahabad Address 1930

Iqbal's presidential address proposing a consolidated Muslim state in north-west India, regarded as the earliest clear demand for a separate Muslim homeland.

Lahore Resolution 1940

Resolution passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park demanding independent states in Muslim-majority areas of north-west and eastern India; moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq.

Cabinet Mission 1946

Three-member British mission proposing a loose federation with grouped provinces; the plan was accepted in principle but failed over interpretation of grouping and Congress-League distrust.

3 June Plan

Mountbatten's plan partitioning British India into India and Pakistan, granting princely states the choice to accede; basis for the Indian Independence Act 1947.

Objectives Resolution 1949

Liaquat Ali Khan's resolution stating sovereignty belongs to Allah, power exercised through elected representatives, and minorities' rights protected; later made part of the Constitution.

Constitution of 1956

Pakistan's first constitution, enforced 23 March 1956; declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, adopted parliamentary government and merged provinces into One Unit.

Constitution of 1973

Current constitution framed under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, enforced 14 August 1973; establishes a federal parliamentary system, bicameral legislature and Islam as the state religion.

One Unit scheme

Administrative merger of West Pakistan provinces into a single province from 1955 to 1970, intended to balance representation against East Pakistan; dissolved by Yahya Khan.

Karakoram range

Mountain range in Gilgit-Baltistan containing K2, the world's second-highest peak, and large glaciers such as Siachen and Batura that feed the Indus system.

Khyber Pass

Historic mountain pass through the Spin Ghar range near Peshawar, linking Pakistan with Afghanistan and used by traders and invaders for centuries.

Indus Plain

Fertile alluvial plain from the Potohar plateau to the Indus delta, formed by Indus and its tributaries; Pakistan's agricultural heartland, irrigated by canals.

Thar Desert

Sandy desert in south-eastern Sindh bordering India, with dunes, sparse rainfall and pastoralism; part of the larger Thar Desert shared with Rajasthan.

Summer monsoon

Rain-bearing winds from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal between roughly July and September, supplying most annual rainfall and supporting kharif crops.

Kharif and Rabi crops

Kharif crops such as rice, cotton and maize are sown in summer and harvested in autumn; Rabi crops such as wheat, gram and mustard are sown in winter.

Suez Canal

Sea-level waterway in Egypt linking the Mediterranean with the Red Sea, shortening Europe-Asia sea routes; opened in 1869 and nationalised in 1956.

Non-aligned movement

Group of states formed during the Cold War that avoided formal alignment with either superpower bloc; Pakistan joined in 1979 during Zia-ul-Haq's era.

Simla Agreement 1972

Agreement between Pakistan and India after the 1971 war, converting the ceasefire line in Kashmir into the Line of Control and committing both sides to bilateral settlement.

Tashkent Declaration 1966

Agreement mediated by the Soviet Union after the 1965 war, restoring the pre-war positions and calling for withdrawal of troops and normalisation of relations.

Faraizi Movement

Reform movement in Bengal led by Haji Shariatullah and later Dudu Mian, urging Muslims to observe obligatory religious duties and resist oppressive landlords.

Aligarh Movement

Educational reform movement led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan from 1875, promoting modern education for Muslims through the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College and loyalist politics.

Shah Waliullah's role

Eighteenth-century reformer who called for Muslim unity, opposed sectarianism, and invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to counter Maratha power at Panipat in 1761.

Two-nation theory

The principle that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations with separate cultures, histories and social systems, justifying a separate Muslim homeland in the subcontinent.

Federalism in Pakistan

Division of powers between the federal government and provinces under the 1973 Constitution, with a federal legislative list, concurrent list and residual provincial powers.

Fundamental rights

Guarantees in Articles 8-28 of the 1973 Constitution covering equality, life and liberty, fair trial, freedom of movement, speech and religion, enforceable in high courts.

GDP versus GNP

GDP is the value of goods and services produced within a country's borders; GNP adds net income from abroad, such as workers' remittances and foreign investment returns.

Inflation

A sustained rise in the general price level that reduces the purchasing power of money; measured in Pakistan by the Consumer Price Index compiled by the statistics bureau.

Balance of payments

A record of a country's transactions with the rest of the world, comprising the current account, capital account and financial account; deficits are financed by loans or reserves.