PSSSB Naib Tehsildar cheat sheet
PSSSB Naib Tehsildar · Keep the key ideas within reach.
General Knowledge and Current Affairs
Punjab returns 13 members to the Lok Sabha and 7 to the Rajya Sabha; the Punjab Vidhan Sabha has 117 elected members and a five-year term.
Fundamental Rights occupy Part III, Articles 12–35; Directive Principles of State Policy occupy Part IV, Articles 36–51; Fundamental Duties were inserted as Article 51A in Part IVA by the 42nd Amendment.
Article 324 creates the Election Commission of India; Article 148 the Comptroller and Auditor General; Article 76 the Attorney General; Article 280 the Finance Commission; Article 315 the Public Service Commissions.
The Reserve Bank of India began operations on 1 April 1935 and was nationalised on 1 January 1949; the repo rate is decided by the six-member Monetary Policy Committee.
The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945, has its headquarters in New York and 193 member states; the International Court of Justice sits at The Hague.
The President of India is elected by an electoral college under Article 54 and can be removed only by impeachment under Article 61 for violation of the Constitution.
Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the Moon's south pole on 23 August 2023; ISRO's headquarters is at Bengaluru.
The Nobel Peace Prize is announced and conferred in Oslo, while the other Nobel Prizes are conferred in Stockholm.
Punjabi Language and Grammar
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਅੱਠ ਕਾਰਕ ਹਨ: ਕਰਤਾ, ਕਰਮ, ਕਰਣ, ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ, ਅਪਾਦਾਨ, ਸੰਬੰਧ, ਅਧਿਕਰਣ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਬੋਧਨ।
ਸੰਧੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਤਿੰਨ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ ਹਨ: ਸਵਰ ਸੰਧੀ, ਵਿਅੰਜਨ ਸੰਧੀ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਸਰਗ ਸੰਧੀ।
ਸਮਾਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਛੇ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ ਹਨ: ਤਤਪੁਰਸ਼, ਕਰਮਧਾਰਯ, ਦਵੰਦ, ਬਹੁਵ੍ਰੀਹੀ, ਦਵਿਗੁ ਅਤੇ ਅਵਯਯੀਭਾਵ।
ਲਿੰਗ ਦੋ ਹਨ - ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ; ਵਚਨ ਵੀ ਦੋ ਹਨ - ਇਕਵਚਨ ਅਤੇ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ।
ਲਗਾਂ ਮਾਤ੍ਰਾਂ: ਕੰਨਾ ਾ, ਸਿਹਾਰੀ ਿ, ਬਿਹਾਰੀ ੀ, ਔਂਕੜ ੁ, ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ ੂ, ਲਾਂਵ ੇ, ਦੁਲਾਵ ੈ, ਹੋੜਾ ੋ ਅਤੇ ਕਨੌੜਾ ੌ।
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਾਕ ਦਾ ਕ੍ਰਮ ਕਰਤਾ–ਕਰਮ–ਕ੍ਰਿਆ (SOV) ਹੈ; ਸੰਬੰਧਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨਾਂਵ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ - ਨੇ, ਨੂੰ, ਦਾ, ਵਿੱਚ, ਤੋਂ।
ਸਕਰਮਕ ਕ੍ਰਿਆ ਦੇ ਭੂਤਕਾਲ ਪੂਰਨ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਰਤਾ ਨਾਲ 'ਨੇ' ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਲੱਗਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਵੇਂ 'ਰਾਮ ਨੇ ਪੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਿਆ'।
ਵਾਕ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਮੁੱਖ ਅੰਗ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ - ਉਦੇਸ਼ (ਜਿਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਵੇ) ਅਤੇ ਵਿਧੇਯ (ਜੋ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਵੇ)।
English Language and Grammar
Twelve tenses are formed by crossing three times (present, past, future) with four aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous); each has a fixed auxiliary pattern.
Present perfect = has/have + past participle; past perfect = had + past participle; future perfect = will have + past participle.
Use 'a' before a consonant sound and 'an' before a vowel sound (an hour, a university, a European); 'the' marks something specific or unique.
With 'either … or' and 'neither … nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject; 'each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' and 'everyone' take a singular verb.
Passive voice = a form of 'be' + past participle; only transitive verbs take the passive, and the active object becomes the passive subject.
In reported speech after a past reporting verb, present becomes past, present perfect and simple past become past perfect, and 'will' becomes 'would'.
Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).
Never use a double comparative or superlative: 'more better' and 'most best' are wrong; write 'better' and 'best'.
Quantitative Aptitude and Mathematics
Simple interest SI = P × R × T / 100; compound amount A = P(1 + R/100)^n when compounded annually, and CI = A − P.
Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; Loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100; SP = CP(1 + profit%/100).
To change km/h into m/s multiply by 5/18; to change m/s into km/h multiply by 18/5.
Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; for equal distances covered at speeds a and b, average speed = 2ab/(a+b).
Rule of alligation: ratio of quantities = (mean price − cheaper price) : (dearer price − mean price).
For two positive integers, HCF × LCM = product of the numbers, and the HCF always divides the LCM exactly.
Sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2; n-th term of an AP = a + (n−1)d; sum of n AP terms = n/2[2a + (n−1)d].
Area: rectangle l × b, triangle ½ × b × h, circle πr², trapezium ½(a+b)h; volume of cylinder πr²h and of sphere (4/3)πr³.
nPr = n!/(n−r)! and nCr = n!/[r!(n−r)!], with nCr = nC(n−r).
Reasoning and Mental Ability
Angle between the clock hands = |30H − 5.5M| degrees; the hands coincide when the value is 0° and lie opposite when it is 180°.
An ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year 2 odd days, 100 years have 5 odd days, and 400 years have 0 odd days.
In syllogism a conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible diagram; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'.
Facing north, a right turn leads east and a left turn leads west; after two successive turns, net displacement is found by Pythagoras.
In a single row, total persons = position from left + position from right − 1.
Blood relations: mother's brother = maternal uncle, father's sister = paternal aunt, sibling's child = nephew or niece.
In coding-decoding, test letter-to-letter shifts (+1, −1), reverse alphabet (A = 26 … Z = 1), and number-letter pairing before guessing.
Series checks in order: difference, ratio, squares or cubes, alternating series, then sum of the previous two terms.
Computer Awareness
Computer generations: first vacuum tubes, second transistors, third integrated circuits, fourth microprocessors, fifth artificial intelligence.
Memory ladder: 8 bits = 1 byte; 1024 bytes = 1 KB; 1024 KB = 1 MB; 1024 MB = 1 GB; 1024 GB = 1 TB.
The CPU contains the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit and registers; RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile.
Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find.
Networks by span: LAN (building), MAN (city), WAN (country or global); topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh and tree.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; HTTP/HTTPS is the web protocol and a URL is a web address.
An operating system manages processes, memory, files and devices; Windows, Linux and macOS are examples.
In MS Excel a formula begins with '=' and a cell reference may be relative (A1) or absolute ($A$1).
Punjab History, Geography and Culture
Punjab means 'land of five rivers' - Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum; only the Sutlej and Beas flow through Indian Punjab today.
Doabs: Bist (Beas–Sutlej), Bari (Ravi–Beas), Rachna (Chenab–Ravi), Chaj (Jhelum–Chenab) and Sind Sagar (Jhelum–Indus).
Punjab covers 50,362 sq km, has its capital at Chandigarh and 23 districts, and borders Pakistan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chandigarh.
Dates: Guru Nanak born 1469 at Nankana Sahib; Khalsa founded 1699 at Anandpur Sahib; Ranjit Singh took Lahore in 1799; Punjab was annexed by the British in 1849.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred at Amritsar on 13 April 1919; Punjab was partitioned in 1947 and the Punjabi Suba was formed on 1 November 1966.
Folk dances: Bhangra and Jhumar for men, Giddha and Sammi for women; instruments include dhol, tumbi, algoza and dholak.
Sufi poets: Bulleh Shah, Waris Shah (Heer Ranjha, completed 1766), Sultan Bahu and Shah Hussain (Madho Lal Hussain).
Festivals: Baisakhi (harvest and birth of the Khalsa), Lohri (midwinter), Teej, and Hola Mohalla at Anandpur Sahib.
Revenue Administration and Land Laws
The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 governs the record of rights; the chain is Commissioner → Collector (Deputy Commissioner) → Assistant Collector (SDM/Tehsildar) → Naib Tehsildar → Kanungo → Patwari.
Khasra = plot number; Khata = group of plots held by one holder; Khewat = group of khatas under common ownership; Jamabandi = record of rights; Fard = certified copy of jamabandi.
Shajra Nasab is the pedigree table of rights-holders, Wajib-ul-arz records village customs and rights, and Aks Shajra is the village map.
Mutation (intkal or dakhil kharij) is the revenue entry recording a change of rights by sale, gift, inheritance or mortgage; it is sanctioned by the revenue officer, not by a civil court.
The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 fixes the permissible ceiling at 7.09 hectares (17.5 acres) for irrigated land assured of two crops, with higher limits for single-crop irrigated and barani land.
The Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887 governs landlord–tenant relations, and the Punjab Consolidation of Holdings Act, 1948 provides for chakbandi of scattered holdings.
Shamilat deh (village common land) is regulated by the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, 1961 and is managed by the Gram Panchayat.
Lag is the land revenue assessed on a holding and tawan is a penalty; unpaid lag is recovered as arrears of land revenue by the Collector.