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The blackbuck, also called Krishna Mrig, is the state animal of Punjab and is associated with the state's open grassland and agricultural landscape. Snow leopards and hanguls are state symbols of Himalayan regions rather than Punjab.
Chandigarh is a Union Territory that serves as the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana. It was planned as a modern city after Partition and is not part of either state's territory.
Part III of the Constitution, covering Articles 12 to 35, contains the Fundamental Rights enforceable through the courts. Part IV contains the Directive Principles of State Policy, which are not directly enforceable.
Ultraviolet-B rays from sunlight convert a cholesterol derivative in the skin into vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. The other vitamins listed must be obtained mainly through diet.
Mars appears reddish because its surface contains iron oxide, commonly known as rust. This distinctive colour has earned it the name Red Planet.
Guru Nanak Dev founded Sikhism and is revered as the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His teachings emphasised the oneness of God, honest living and equality.
Japan's official currency is the yen, issued by the Bank of Japan. The won belongs to South Korea, the yuan to China and the ringgit to Malaysia.
World Environment Day is observed on 5 June, following a United Nations decision in 1972 to promote environmental awareness. It is marked by campaigns on themes such as plastic pollution and ecosystem restoration.
The Punjab Vidhan Sabha has 117 elected members, each representing a legislative assembly constituency. A majority of 59 seats is required to form the state government.
On 13 April 1919, troops under General Dyer fired on a gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. The incident occurred during protests against the Rowlatt Act and became a turning point in India's freedom movement.
The Radcliffe Line was drawn by the Boundary Commission headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947 to divide Punjab and Bengal between India and Pakistan. The Durand Line separates Afghanistan and Pakistan, while the McMahon Line concerns the India-China border.
The Punjab Reorganisation Act was passed in 1966, leading to the creation of Haryana and the transfer of hill areas to Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh was made a Union Territory and continued as a joint capital.
Article 32 empowers a person to approach the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights, and Dr B.R. Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution. Article 226 gives a similar power to High Courts.
GST was implemented on 1 July 2017 through the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, replacing a range of indirect taxes with a unified tax system. It is administered by the GST Council, chaired by the Union Finance Minister.
Chandrayaan-3's lander was named Vikram after Vikram Sarabhai, the father of India's space programme. It landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023, while Pragyan was the rover.
India hosted the 2023 G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi under the theme 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam', meaning 'One Earth, One Family, One Future'. The summit produced the New Delhi Leaders' Declaration.
Kharif crops are sown with the arrival of the monsoon and harvested in autumn; rice, maize, cotton and bajra are examples. Wheat, mustard and gram are rabi crops grown in the winter season.
The Battle of Aliwal was fought on 28 January 1846 between British forces and the Sikh army during the First Anglo-Sikh War. It was followed by the Treaty of Lahore, which ended that war.
The Northern Goshawk, locally called Baaz, is the state bird of Punjab. It is a bird of prey associated with the state's forested and semi-arid habitats.
The 2024 Summer Olympics were held in Paris, France, marking the city's third time as host after 1900 and 1924. The opening ceremony took place along the River Seine.
Guru Arjan Dev compiled the Adi Granth, the predecessor of the Guru Granth Sahib, and installed it in the Harmandir Sahib in 1604. Guru Gobind Singh later conferred Guruship on the scripture in 1708.
The Partition of Bengal was implemented in 1905 under Viceroy Lord Curzon, dividing the province into East Bengal and Assam and the rest of Bengal. It provoked the Swadeshi movement and was annulled in 1911.
Ludhiana is called the Manchester of Punjab because of its large hosiery, textile and light-engineering industries. Ahmedabad, by comparison, is known as the Manchester of India.
The Treaty of Lahore was signed in March 1846 after the First Anglo-Sikh War, imposing heavy terms on the Sikh state, including the cession of territory and payment of indemnity. The Treaty of Bhairowal followed later in December 1846.
Article 360 provides for the proclamation of a Financial Emergency by the President if the financial stability of India or any part of its territory is threatened. No financial emergency has ever been declared in India.
The Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica) was notified as India's national aquatic animal in 2009 because it is a flagship freshwater species of the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system. It is a blind, echolocating cetacean and is classified as endangered. The declaration was intended to support conservation of the river ecosystem on which the species depends.
Among Indian states, Gujarat has the longest coastline, extending roughly 1,600 km along the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gulf of Khambhat. Its deeply indented shoreline and numerous creeks make the length far greater than that of other coastal states. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra follow with substantially shorter coastlines.
The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 added 'socialist' and 'secular' to the description of the Indian State and added 'integrity' to the phrase on fraternity in the Preamble. It is the only amendment so far to have altered the Preamble. The change reflected the constitutional commitment to a welfare state and equal respect for all religions.
Narges Mohammadi, a jailed Iranian journalist and human rights defender, received the 2023 Nobel Peace Prize for her sustained campaign against the oppression of women in Iran and for human rights and freedom for all. The award recognised her decades of work despite repeated imprisonment. She is only the second Iranian woman to win the Peace Prize, after Shirin Ebadi in 2003.
Holt Mackenzie introduced the mahalwari system in 1822 in the North-Western Provinces, under which revenue was settled with the village or estate (mahal) as a unit rather than with individual cultivators or a single zamindar. The system was later revised by officials such as R. M. Bird and James Thomason. It differed from both the Permanent Settlement and the ryotwari system in its unit of assessment.
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਵਰਣਮਾਲਾ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ੳ (ਊੜਾ) ਤੋਂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਅ (ਐੜਾ) ਅਤੇ ੲ (ਈੜੀ) ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ।
ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਜੋ ਵਿਅੰਜਨ 'ਬ' 'ਤੇ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸਦਾ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ 'ਆਂ' ਜੋੜ ਕੇ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਕਿਤਾਬ → ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ।
ਕੁੜੀ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਜਾਤੀ ਦੀ ਸੂਚਕ ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਹੈ। ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਜੀਵ-ਜੰਤੂਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਲਿੰਗ ਅਕਸਰ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਮੇਲ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ਅੰਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ੧=1, ੨=2, ੩=3, ੪=4 ਅਤੇ ੫=5 ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ '੫' ਪੰਜ ਨੂੰ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਸੁੰਦਰ ਅਤੇ ਸੋਹਣਾ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਚੰਗੀ ਸ਼ਕਲ ਜਾਂ ਰੂਪ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਸਮਾਨਾਰਥਕ ਹਨ।
ਉੱਚਾ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਉਚਾਈ ਜਾਂ ਉੱਪਰਲੇ ਪਾਸੇ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਨੀਵਾਂ ਇਸਦਾ ਉਲਟ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਨੀਵਾਂ ਸਹੀ ਵਿਰੋਧੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹੈ।
ਉਹ ਗੈਰ-ਹਾਜ਼ਰ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ ਜਾਂ ਵਸਤੂ ਲਈ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਤੀਜਾ ਪੁਰਖ ਸਰਵਨਾਮ ਹੈ। ਪਹਿਲਾ ਪੁਰਖ ਮੈਂ/ਅਸੀਂ ਅਤੇ ਦੂਜਾ ਪੁਰਖ ਤੂੰ/ਤੁਸੀਂ ਹਨ।
ਅਤੇ ਦੋ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਜੋੜਦਾ ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਹੈ। ਸੰਯੋਜਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ, ਸੰਗਿਆ ਜਾਂ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ।
ਪੂਰਨ ਭੂਤਕਾਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਕਰਮਕ ਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ 'ਨੇ' ਕਰਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਜੁੜਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹ ਕਰਤਾ ਕਾਰਕ ਦਾ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਹੈ।
ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਨਾਂਵ ਜੋ 'ਆ' 'ਤੇ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸਦਾ ਸਿੱਧਾ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ 'ਏ' ਨਾਲ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ ਬੱਚਾ → ਬੱਚੇ।
ਜਾਣਾ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਦਾ ਪੁਲਿੰਗ ਇੱਕਵਚਨ ਭੂਤਕਾਲ ਰੂਪ 'ਗਿਆ' ਹੈ। 'ਮੈਂ ਸਕੂਲ ਗਿਆ' ਪੂਰਨ ਭੂਤਕਾਲ ਦਾ ਵਾਕ ਹੈ।
ਅਸੀਂ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ ਕਰਤਾ ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਲਈ ਭਵਿੱਖਕਾਲ ਵਿੱਚ 'ਜਾਵਾਂਗੇ' ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। 'ਗਏ' ਭੂਤਕਾਲ ਅਤੇ 'ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ' ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਕਾਲ ਹਨ।
ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਕੁਝ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕਾਰਕ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇੱਥੇ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਬੱਚੇ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਗਈ, ਇਸ ਲਈ 'ਨੂੰ' ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਦਾ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਹੈ।
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਦਰ ਜਾਂ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ ਲਈ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਦਾ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ ਰੂਪ 'ਆਏ' ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਲਈ 'ਉਹ ਆਏ' ਸਹੀ ਆਦਰਸੂਚਕ ਰੂਪ ਹੈ।
ਇਸ ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਵਿੱਚ 'ਖਾਣਾ' ਮੁੱਖ ਅਰਥ ਦਿੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ 'ਲੈਣਾ' ਸਹਾਇਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕੰਮ ਦੇ ਪੂਰਾ ਹੋਣ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਜੋੜਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਸ਼ ਧੁਨੀ ਲਈ ਮੁੱਖ ਅੱਖਰ ਸ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਸਦੇ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਨੁਕਤਾ ਲਗਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਸ + ਨੁਕਤਾ = ਸ਼ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ।
ਕੁੜੀ ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ ਇੱਕਵਚਨ ਹੈ; ਬਹੁਵਚਨ ਵਿੱਚ 'ਆਂ' ਜੋੜ ਕੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ। 'ਕੁੜੀਆਂ' ਸੰਬੰਧਕੀ ਜਾਂ ਤਿਰਛੇ ਕਾਰਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਬਹੁਵਚਨ ਰੂਪ ਹੈ।
ਪ੍ਰੇਰਣਾਰਥਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ ਦੂਜੇ ਨੂੰ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਵਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ। 'ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾ' ਤੋਂ 'ਪੜ੍ਹਾਉਣਾ' ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸਦਾ ਅਰਥ ਹੈ ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਨੂੰ ਪੜ੍ਹਨ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ।
ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ ਨਾਂਵ ਕਿਸੇ ਗੁਣ ਜਾਂ ਭਾਵ ਨੂੰ ਨਾਂਵ ਰੂਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ। 'ਸੁੰਦਰ' ਤੋਂ 'ਸੁੰਦਰਤਾ' ਬਣਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਸੁੰਦਰ ਹੋਣ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਹੈ।
ਰਵਾਇਤੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਰਤਾ, ਕਰਮ, ਕਰਣ, ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ, ਅਪਾਦਾਨ, ਸੰਬੰਧ, ਅਧਿਕਰਣ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਬੋਧਨ-ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਅੱਠ ਕਾਰਕ ਗਿਣੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ।