PSTET Paper 1 flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable adult or peer.

Assimilation and accommodation

Piaget's two adaptation processes: assimilation fits new experience into an existing schema, while accommodation changes the schema to fit the new experience.

Conservation (Piaget)

The understanding that quantity, mass, or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement; typically achieved in the concrete operational stage.

Classical conditioning

Pavlov's learning model in which a neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response on its own.

Formative assessment

Ongoing assessment during teaching that diagnoses learning gaps and informs immediate adjustment of instruction, rather than grading final achievement.

Gurmukhi script direction

Gurmukhi, the script used for Punjabi, is written from left to right and is an abugida, so each consonant carries an inherent vowel.

Bindi and tippi

Two Gurmukhi marks for nasalisation: the tippi is used with short vowels and the bindi with long vowels or at the end of a word.

Adhak in Gurmukhi

The adhak symbol (ੱ) placed before a consonant indicates that the consonant is doubled in pronunciation, as in pakkā.

Punjabi tones

Punjabi is tonal, with high, mid, and low tones linked to particular consonant letters and to h; tone is not shown by a separate written sign.

Postpositions in Punjabi

Punjabi marks grammatical relations with postpositions such as ne, nūṁ, dā, and vich, which follow the noun rather than preceding it as English prepositions do.

Ergative ne construction

In Punjabi perfective transitive sentences, the subject takes ne and the verb agrees with the object instead of the subject.

Mukta vowel form

The mukta state is a Punjabi consonant with no vowel sign written after it, representing the inherent short a vowel.

Phonics versus whole word

Phonics teaching builds letter–sound correspondence for decoding, while whole-word approaches build recognition of complete words by sight.

Definite article use

English 'the' marks a specific or already mentioned referent, a unique object, or a superlative; it is not used for generic plurals.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has/have plus the past participle, it links a past action to the present, expressing recent completion or experience.

Third conditional

Formed with if plus past perfect and would have plus past participle, it describes an unreal past condition and its imagined result.

Passive voice formation

The passive uses a form of be plus the past participle; the object becomes the subject and the agent may be omitted or added with by.

Reported speech backshift

When reporting speech, present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, and will becomes would; time and place words also shift.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for general gist, while scanning is rapid reading to locate one specific piece of information in a text.

Modal verbs of obligation

Must expresses strong obligation or logical certainty; should gives advice; may and might express possibility or permission.

English phoneme count

Standard English has about 44 phonemes: 24 consonants and 20 vowels, comprising 12 monophthongs and 8 diphthongs.

Divisibility by 3 and 9

A number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is divisible by 3, and by 9 if its digit sum is divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sums of digits in alternating positions is 0 or a multiple of 11.

Equivalent fractions rule

Two fractions a/b and c/d are equal exactly when the cross products are equal, that is ad equals bc.

Profit percentage formula

Profit percent equals selling price minus cost price, divided by cost price, multiplied by 100; discount percent is based on marked price.

Compound interest formula

Compound amount equals principal times (1 plus rate over 100) raised to the number of years; simple and compound interest agree only in the first year.

Circle area and circumference

For radius r, area equals pi times r squared and circumference equals 2 times pi times r; pi is approximately 22/7 or 3.14.

LCM-HCF product rule

For any two positive integers, the product of their LCM and HCF equals the product of the two numbers themselves.

Speed unit conversion

To convert metres per second to kilometres per hour, multiply by 3.6; to reverse it, divide by 3.6.

Food chain order

Energy flows from producers (green plants) to herbivores to carnivores, with decomposers breaking down dead matter and returning nutrients to soil.

Photosynthesis inputs and outputs

Green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide with chlorophyll to make glucose and release oxygen as a by-product.

Human digestive order

Food passes mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; most nutrient absorption happens in the small intestine.

Water cycle stages

Water moves through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection; percolation through soil recharges groundwater.