PSTET Paper 2 cheat sheet

Language II

• English articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular countable nouns (an before vowel sound), 'the' for definite or unique reference, zero article for generic plurals and abstract nouns.

• Tenses: simple present for habits and general truths, present continuous for ongoing action, present perfect for past action with present relevance, past perfect for the earlier of two past events.

• Prepositions of time: in (months, years, long periods), on (days, dates), at (clock times, festivals); prepositions of place: in (enclosed), on (surface), at (point).

• Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

• Modals: can (ability), may (permission/possibility), must (obligation/certainty), should (advice), might (weak possibility); modal + base verb, never modal + to + verb.

• Reported speech backshift: present to past, past to past perfect, will to would, can to could; time words shift (now to then, today to that day, tomorrow to the next day).

• Vocabulary strategies: context clues, morphology (prefixes like un-, re-, dis-; suffixes like -tion, -ment, -able), collocation, and word families build independent word learning.

• Reading and writing pedagogy: phonics and sight-word approaches for decoding, process writing (plan, draft, revise, edit, publish), and rubric-based assessment of content, organization, and mechanics.