Grammar and Language Structure (Vyakaran)
What the grammar block tests
Vyakaran items are short and unforgiving: shabd bhed (parts of speech), ling (gender), vachan (number), karak and vibhakti (case and postpositions), kaal (tense), vakya bhed (sentence types), shabdashuddhi (correction) and direct–indirect speech. Each item usually carries one or two marks, so a single wrong ending loses the whole item.
Rules worth memorising
- Sindhi is verb-final (SOV): subject, object, then verb.
- Genitive markers jo / ji / je agree with the thing possessed, not with the possessor.
- Postpositions do the work of Hindi case markers: khe (to, object marker), men (in), te (on), kan (from).
- Yes or no questions are formed with the particle kiā, or by tone, without English-style inversion; wh-questions use chā (what), kon (who), kithe (where), kadi (when), kiun (why).
- In reported speech, pronouns shift to the reporter's viewpoint and the tense marker shifts back one step, as in Hindi.
Worked example
Make chhokro gharu men wapas ayo plural. Reason it through: the subject chhokro becomes chhokra; the verb agrees with the plural subject; gharu takes its plural form; the postposition men stays unchanged because postpositions are not inflected for number. Every ending that carries agreement - subject, verb, agreeing adjective, genitive - must move together.
Traps that cost marks
Making the genitive agree with the possessor. Leaving the verb singular after a plural subject. Treating postpositions as if they were inflected. Copying an English tense mechanically instead of using the Sindhi tense that matches the sense.