RBSE SS Sindhi Literature flashcards
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- Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
- Sindhi Sufi poet (1689–1752) who composed the Risalo, a collection of surs blending mystical thought with Sindhi folk romances; central figure of classical Sindhi literature.
- Shah Jo Risalo
- The compiled poetry collection of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, organized into surs (chapters), each with a prose dastan and verses in bait and wai forms.
- Surs of the Risalo
- Chapters of Shah Abdul Latif's Risalo, often around thirty, each named for a musical mode or theme and containing a dastan followed by bait and wai verses.
- Wai
- A Sindhi verse form used by Shah Abdul Latif and others, often sung to the tanbur; a key form in the Shah Jo Risalo recital tradition.
- Sachal Sarmast
- Sindhi Sufi poet (1739–1827) known as the poet of the seven languages; his Sindhi verse is collected as Sachal jo Kalam and stresses mystical unity.
- Kishinchand Bewas
- Sindhi poet (1885–1947) regarded as a pioneer of modern Sindhi poetry; his nationalist and ghazal verse reshaped early 20th-century Sindhi letters.
- Shaikh Ayaz
- Major modern Sindhi poet (1923–1997) known for free verse and socially engaged themes; his collections include 'Bhanbhore jo Chhor' and other landmark works.
- Bait
- A short Sindhi stanza form, couplet-like in structure, widely used in devotional and folk poetry and in the verses of the Shah Jo Risalo.
- Mirza Kalich Beg
- Sindhi writer (1853–1929) called the father of modern Sindhi prose; author of 'Zeenat', often described as the first Sindhi novel, and a prolific translator.
- Zeenat
- A prose work by Mirza Kalich Beg, often described as the first Sindhi novel; a landmark of modern Sindhi prose in the late 19th century.
- Jamal Abro
- Sindhi short-story writer (1924–2004) whose collection 'Pishoo Pasha' is a landmark of the Sindhi afsana, known for psychological realism.
- Sindhi Adabi Board
- Sindhi literary institution founded in 1955 in Hyderabad, Sindh; publishes Sindhi literary and academic works and supports Sindhi letters.
- Sindhi afsana
- The Sindhi short story; it matured in the mid-20th century with writers such as Jamal Abro and became a major modern Sindhi prose genre.
- Allama I. I. Kazi
- Sindhi scholar and thinker (1886–1968) who contributed philosophical essays and translations; with his wife Elsa Kazi he shaped modern Sindhi intellectual prose.
- Sindhi alphabet size
- The standard Sindhi alphabet has 52 letters in the Perso-Arabic script, including implosive consonants such as ڄ, ڃ, ڏ, ڊ, ڳ and ڱ.
- Implosive consonants
- Sindhi consonants produced with inward airflow; examples include ڄ, ڃ, ڇ, ڏ, ڊ, ڳ, and ڱ, which contrast phonemically with other stops.
- Sindhi word order
- Sindhi follows Subject–Object–Verb order; postpositions follow the noun they govern, and the verb typically appears at the end of the clause.
- Sindhi script direction
- Sindhi is written right-to-left in a modified Perso-Arabic script; in India, Sindhi is also written in the Devanagari script.
- Sindhi grammatical gender
- Sindhi nouns are masculine or feminine; gender affects verb agreement in perfective forms and the form of adjectives and pronouns.
- Postpositions in Sindhi
- Sindhi marks case relations with postpositions placed after the noun, unlike English prepositions which precede the noun; the noun takes an oblique form.
- British annexation of Sindh
- The 1843 annexation of Sindh by the British marks the start of modern Sindhi literature, bringing print, schools, and new prose genres.
- Sindhi literary renaissance
- The late 19th and early 20th century period when the novel, short story, drama, and journalism entered Sindhi literature under colonial-era education and print.
- Progressive Writers' Movement
- A 1930s–40s literary movement that influenced Sindhi writers, bringing social-realist themes and political engagement into Sindhi poetry and fiction.
- Sindhi Adabi Sangat
- A Sindhi literary organization that holds conferences and supports Sindhi writers; a key institution in the modern Sindhi literary field.
- Seven Sindhi romances
- A group of Sindhi folk romances including Sassui-Punhun, Momal-Rano, Umar-Marui, Sohni-Mehar, Noori-Jam Tamachi, Lila-Chanesar, and Sorath-Rai Diyach.
- Sassui-Punhun
- Sindhi folk romance set in Bhambore; Sassui's desert crossing to find Punhun symbolizes the soul's longing, a central Sufi metaphor in Sindhi poetry.
- Umar-Marui
- Sindhi folk romance in which Marui, abducted by Umar, remains loyal to her husband Malir; the tale symbolizes steadfastness and fidelity.
- Sohni-Mehar
- Sindhi folk romance of Sohni crossing the river on a baked clay pot to meet Mehar; the pot dissolves and the tale symbolizes devotion and fate.
- Ajrak
- A traditional Sindhi block-printed shawl with deep red and blue patterns; a symbol of Sindhi cultural identity and craftsmanship.
- Sindhi mazmoon
- A Sindhi essay; its structure has an introduction stating the topic, body paragraphs with one idea each, and a conclusion summarizing the argument.
- Sindhi darkhwast
- A Sindhi application letter; it uses formal register and a fixed structure of addressee, subject line, body, and respectful closing.
- Sindhi punctuation marks
- Sindhi uses Perso-Arabic punctuation, including the full stop (.), comma (،), question mark (؟), and quotation marks, written right-to-left.