RBSE VU Vyakaran Shastra cheat sheet

Nirukta ka mukhya siddhanta: shabda ke artha ka nirnaya char prakar se hota hai - vyutpatti (dhatu-janya), prayoga (vyavahara), akhyana (katha/gatha), aur guna-samanya (samanya lakshana).

Yaska ke Nirukta ke teen kanda hain: Naighantuka (samana-arthaka shabda), Naigama (aikapadika), aur Daivata; inke purva Naighantu, Naigama aur Daivata sangraha hain.

Nirukta ke anusara char pada-jata hain - nama, akhyata, upasarga, nipata; Yaska akhyata ko pradhana mante hain kyunki 'bhavah pradhanam akhyatam' (kriya hi mukhya artha hai).

Vaidika sandhi ke vishesh rupa: 'o' ka 'a' mein parivartana (prauga sandhi), jaise 'sa vit' ke sthana par 'sa u' ka prayoga; Vedic 'ai/au' ka 'a/i/u' mein vikara.

Nighantu ke anusara 'vrt' dhatu ke kai artha hain - 'vrt' = 'satta' (hona), 'gati' (chalna), 'vartana' (rahna); isi tarah 'vrt' ki vyutpatti se 'vrtta', 'vrti' etc. bante hain.

Nirukta mein 'vrt' ke 12 artha gine gaye hain; isi tarah 'cha' ke 3 artha, 'dha' ke 4 artha - dhatu-artha-vistara Nirukta ki mukhya visheshata hai.

Vaidika vyakarana mein 'Unadi' pratyaya aur 'Utsarga-Apavada' ka siddhanta: apavada (vishesh) utsarga (samanya) ko badal deta hai - jaise 'Unadi' pratyaya 'pratyaya' ke samanya niyam ko badal deta hai.

Ashtadhyayi mein 8 adhyaya, 4000 ke lagbhag sutra hain; sutra ka krama: prathama-adhyaya mein sandhi, dvitiya mein samasa, tritiya mein karaka, chaturtha mein stri-pratyaya, panchama mein krdanta, shashtha mein taddhita, saptama mein dhatu, ashtama mein svara.

Panini ke purvavarti 10 vyakarana-shastri gine jate hain: Apishali, Kashyapa, Gargya, Galava, Chakravarmana, Sakatayana, Panini, Amara, Jayanti, Vaiyakarana - 'Indra' ka ullekh bhi milta hai.

Katyayana ne Panini ke sutron par 'Vartika' likhe; Patanjali ne vartika par 'Mahabhashya' likha - 'Munitraya' = Panini, Katyayana, Patanjali.

Panini ke baad ke vyakarana-granth: Bhartrihari ki 'Vakyapadiya' (sphotavada), Bhartrihari ke 'Mahabhashya-Tika', Kaiyata ki 'Pradipa', Nagesha Bhatta ki 'Manorama'.

Chandra-vyakarana (Chandragomin) aur Jainendra-vyakarana (Devavachaka) - Panini ke atirikt pramukh vaikalpika vyakarana parampara hain; Katantra vyakarana (Sharvavarman) bhi pramukh hai.

Siddhanta-kaumudi (Bhattoji Dikshita) ne Ashtadhyayi ko prakriya-krama mein vyavasthit kiya; iske baad 'Siddhanta-kaumudi' adhyapana ka pramukh adhar bana.

Panini ka 'Shiva-sutra' aur 'Pratyahara' siddhanta: 14 shiva-sutra se 'pratyahara' (jaise 'ak', 'hal') banaye jate hain; 'it' sanyna se anuvrtti aur adhikara ka nirnaya hota hai.

Panini ke sutron ke 3 prakar: 'Vidhi' (vidhana), 'Nishedha' (pratishedha), aur 'Adhikara' (adhikara-sutra ka prabhav aage tak).

Svara-sandhi: 'a/ā' + 'a/ā' = 'ā' (dirgha); 'i/ī' + 'i/ī' = 'ī'; 'u/ū' + 'u/ū' = 'ū'; 'a/ā' + 'i/ī' = 'e'; 'a/ā' + 'u/ū' = 'o'; 'a/ā' + 'e/ai' = 'ai'; 'a/ā' + 'o/au' = 'au'.

Guna-sandhi: 'a' + 'i/ī' = 'e', 'a' + 'u/ū' = 'o', 'a' + 'ṛ' = 'ar'; Vriddhi-sandhi: 'a' + 'e/ai' = 'ai', 'a' + 'o/au' = 'au', 'a' + 'ṛ' = 'ār'.

Yan-sandhi: 'i/ī' + asavarṇa svara = 'y', 'u/ū' + asavarṇa = 'v', 'ṛ' + asavarṇa = 'r', 'ḷ' + asavarṇa = 'l'; jaise 'iti api' = 'ityapi'.

Visarga-sandhi: visarga ke baad 'a' ho to visarga 'o' ho jata hai (jaise 'rāmaḥ' + 'aśvaḥ' = 'rāmo 'śvaḥ'); visarga ke baad 'k/kh/p/ph/s/ś/ṣ' ho to visarga 'ḥ' ke roop mein rahta hai ya 's' ho jata hai (jaise 'rāmaḥ' + 'śete' = 'rāmaḥ śete').

Visarga ke baad 't/th' ho to visarga 's' ho jata hai (jaise 'rāmaḥ' + 'tatra' = 'rāmas tatra'); 'c/ch' ke baad 'ś' (jaise 'rāmaḥ' + 'ca' = 'rāmaś ca'); 'ṭ/ṭh' ke baad 'ṣ' (jaise 'rāmaḥ' + 'ṭīkā' = 'rāmaṣ ṭīkā').

Anusvara-sandhi: 'm' ke baad vyajana ho to 'm' anusvara ho jata hai (jaise 'rāmam' + 'vande' = 'rāmaṃ vande'); parantu 'm' ke baad svara ho to 'm' 'm' hi rahta hai ya sandhi hota hai.

Vriddhi-sandhi ke udaharan: 'eka' + 'ekādaśa' = 'ekādaśa', 'sadā' + 'eva' = 'sadaiva', 'tatra' + 'eva' = 'tatraiva'; 'a' + 'ṛ' = 'ar' jaise 'deva' + 'ṛṣi' = 'devarṣi'.

Prakritibhava sandhi: kuch sthalon par sandhi nahi hota - jaise 'kumārī' + 'icchati' = 'kumārī icchati' (strilinga 'ī' ke baad 'i' ho to sandhi nahi), aur 'bhoḥ' + 'deva' = 'bhoḥ deva'.

Karaka 6 hain: Karta (prathama), Karma (dvitiya), Karana (tritiya), Sampradana (chaturthi), Apadana (panchami), Adhikarana (saptami); sambandha (shashthi) karaka nahi hai.

Karta karaka mein prathama vibhakti hoti hai; parantu 'kartari' prayoga mein karta prathama mein, aur 'karmani' prayoga mein karta tritiya mein hota hai (jaise 'rāmeṇa kriyate').

Karma karaka mein dvitiya vibhakti; 'dvi-karmaka' dhatu (jaise 'duh', 'pach', 'dā') mein do karma - ek dvitiya mein, doosra dvitiya ya anya vibhakti mein.

Karana karaka mein tritiya vibhakti (sadhana/sahayata); 'saha' aur 'vinā' ke saath tritiya ya panchami - 'saha' ke saath tritiya ('rāmeṇa saha'), 'vinā' ke saath tritiya ya panchami.

Sampradana karaka mein chaturthi vibhakti; 'dā' (dena), 'kath' (kahna), 'likh' (likhna) ke sampradana mein chaturthi; 'ruch' (pasand hona) ke prayoga mein bhi chaturthi (jaise 'rāmāya rochate').

Apadana karaka mein panchami vibhakti; 'apa' + 'dā' (dena), 'bhī' (dar), 'trā' (bachana) ke saath panchami; 'anyatra', 'itarat', 'pṛthak' ke saath panchami.

Adhikarana karaka mein saptami vibhakti (sthana, samaya); 'adhikara' ke saath saptami; 'yatra', 'tatra', 'kadā' ke saath saptami.

Sambandha (shashthi) - 'rāmasya putraḥ' mein sambandha; shashthi ka prayoga karta-karma ke sambandha mein hota hai; 'kartṛ-karmaṇoḥ kṛti' (Panini 2.3.65) ke anusara krdanta ke saath shashthi ya dvitiya.

Dhatu ke 10 gana hain: Bhvadi, Adadi, Juhotyadi, Divadi, Svadi, Tudadi, Rudhadi, Tanadi, Kryadi, Curadi; gana ka nirnaya 'vikarana' pratyaya se hota hai.

Lat lakara (vartamana) mein vikarana: Bhvadi mein 'śap' (a), Adadi mein 'ślu' (luk), Juhotyadi mein 'ślu' (dvitva), Divadi mein 'śyan' (ya), Svadi mein 'śnu' (nu), Tudadi mein 'śa' (a), Rudhadi mein 'śnam' (na), Tanadi mein 'u' (no vikarana), Kryadi mein 'śnā' (nā), Curadi mein 'ṇic' (aya).

Lat mein prathama-purusha ekavachana: Bhvadi 'bhavati', Adadi 'atti', Juhotyadi 'juhoti', Divadi 'divyati', Svadi 'sunoti', Tudadi 'tudati', Rudhadi 'runddhi', Tanadi 'tanoti', Kryadi 'krīṇāti', Curadi 'cārayati'.

Krdanta pratyaya: 'kṛt' pratyaya dhatu se bante hain - 'kta' (bhūta-kal), 'ktavatu' (bhūta-kal), 'śatṛ' (vartamana-kal, karta), 'śānac' (vartamana-kal, karta), 'tavya', 'anīya', 'ya' (vidhi).

'Kta' pratyaya: 'bhū' → 'bhūtaḥ', 'kṛ' → 'kṛtaḥ'; 'ktavatu' → 'kṛtavān'; 'śatṛ' → 'bhavat' (bhavan), 'śānac' → 'kurvāṇaḥ'.

Vidhi-krdanta: 'tavya' (jaise 'bhavitavyam'), 'anīya' (jaise 'kartavyam'/'karanīyam'), 'ya' (jaise 'kāryam', 'bhāvyam'); inka artha 'kartavya' (should be done) hota hai.

Atmanepada aur Parasmaipada ka nirnaya: kuch dhatu keval Atmanepada (jaise 'ās', 'śī', 'seva'), kuch keval Parasmaipada (jaise 'bhū', 'kṛ', 'as'), kuch ubhayapada (jaise 'dā', 'pā', 'nī').

Lakara 10 hain: Lat (vartamana), Lit (paroksha bhuta), Lut (bhavishyat), Lrt (bhavishyat), Let (veda), Lot (vidhi/ajna), Lan (anadyatana bhuta), Lin (ashir/vidhi), Lun (adyatana bhuta), Lrn (kriya-atipatti).

Taddhita pratyaya shabda se bante hain (na ki dhatu se); 'taddhita' ka artha 'tad' (us shabda) se 'hit' (utpanna) - jaise 'rāma' se 'rāmāyaṇa'.

'Apa' + 'tya' (apatya) pratyaya: 'rāma' → 'rāmāyaṇa' (rāma ka putra), 'manu' → 'mānava'; 'iñ' pratyaya: 'rāma' → 'rāmāyaṇa' ke sthana par 'rāmāyaṇīya'.

'Aṇ' pratyaya (apatya): 'rāma' → 'rāmāyaṇa' (rāma ka apatya); 'iñ' aur 'aṇ' ka nirnaya sutra se hota hai; 'gotra' aur 'yuvan' ka bhed taddhita mein mahatvapurna hai.

'Matup' pratyaya: 'vidyā' → 'vidyāvān' (vidyā wala), 'dhana' → 'dhanavān'; 'matup' ka artha 'asti/asya' (hai/iski) hota hai.

'Tva' aur 'tā' (bhava-vachak): 'rāma' → 'rāmatva'/'rāmatā', 'putra' → 'putratva'/'putratā'; donon ka arth 'bhava' (state) hota hai.

'Ṭhañ' pratyaya: 'rāma' → 'rāmāyaṇa' ke sthana par 'rāmāyaṇīya' (rāma se sambandhita); 'Ṭhañ' ka artha 'tatra bhavaḥ' ya 'tatra sādhuḥ' hota hai.

Stri-pratyaya: 'ā' (jaise 'rāma' → 'rāmā'), 'ī' (jaise 'nara' → 'narī'), 'i' (jaise 'muni' → 'muni' hi), 'u' (jaise 'bahu' → 'bahu' hi), 'tā' (jaise 'rāma' → 'rāmatā'), 'tva' (jaise 'rāma' → 'rāmatva').

Stri-pratyaya ke vishesh niyam: 'a' se ant hone wale shabda mein 'ā' (jaise 'rāma' → 'rāmā'); 'i/u' se ant hone wale shabda mein 'ī' (jaise 'muni' → 'munī'); 'ṛ' se ant hone wale shabda mein 'ī' (jaise 'kartṛ' → 'kartrī').

'Nī' pratyaya: 'nara' → 'narī', 'rāma' → 'rāmī' (jaise 'rāmī' = rāma ki patni); 'Nī' pratyaya ke baad 'n' ka luk hota hai.

Samasa ke 4 mukhya prakar: Tatpurusha, Dvandva, Bahuvrihi, Avyayibhava; inke atirikt Dvigu aur Karmadharaya (Tatpurusha ka upabhed) bhi hain.

Tatpurusha: purva-pada (uttara-pada) ka artha pradhana; jaise 'rāja-putraḥ' (raja ka putra) - yahan 'putra' pradhana hai; chhah vibhaktiyon ke anusara Tatpurusha ke 6 upabhed hain.

Karmadharaya (Tatpurusha ka upabhed): donon pada samana-vibhakti mein hote hain; jaise 'nīla-utpalam' (nīla kamal) - 'nīla' aur 'utpala' donon prathama vibhakti mein.

Dvandva: donon pada pradhana aur samana-vibhakti mein; jaise 'rāma-lakṣmaṇau' (rāma aur lakshmana); 'itaretara dvandva' mein donon ka arth alag-alag, 'samāhāra dvandva' mein samuhik arth (jaise 'pāṇipādam').

Bahuvrihi: samasa ka arth kisi anya (bahya) pada ka bodh karata hai; jaise 'dīrgha-bāhuḥ' (lambi baahein wala) - yahan 'bāhu' pradhana nahi, balki 'purusha' pradhana hai.

Avyayibhava: purva-pada avyaya (jaise 'yathā', 'upa', 'anu') hota hai aur samasa avyaya hi rahta hai; jaise 'yathā-śakti' (shakti ke anusara), 'upagiri' (giri ke paas).

Dvigu: samasa ke purva-pada mein sankhya (sankhya-vachak) hoti hai; jaise 'tri-bhuvanam' (teen lok), 'catur-yugam'; Dvigu samasa Tatpurusha ka upabhed hai.

Samasa-vigraha: samasa ko todkar vakya likhna; jaise 'rāja-putraḥ' ka vigraha 'rājasya putraḥ'; vigraha se samasa ka prakar nirnaya hota hai.

Samasa mein 'aluk' samasa: vibhakti ka lop nahi hota; jaise 'rāja-putra' ke sthana par 'rājñaḥ putraḥ' - 'aluk' samasa mein vibhakti bani rahti hai (jaise 'pituḥ putraḥ' = 'pitṛ-putra').

Sanskrit vakya ka sadharan krama: karta + karma + karana + sampradana + apadana + adhikarana + kriya; kriya aam taur par vakya ke ant mein aati hai (jaise 'rāmaḥ phalam khādati').

Karta ke anusara kriya ka roop: ekavachana karta ke saath ekavachana kriya, bahuvachana karta ke saath bahuvachana kriya; 'dvi-karmaka' dhatu mein kriya karma ke anusara bhi ho sakti hai.

Anuvada (translation) ke siddhanta: mula vakya ka arth na badle, bhasha ki prakriti ke anusara krama badle; samasa aur krdanta ka prayoga anuvada ko sankshipt aur prabhavi banata hai.

Hindi/English se Sanskrit anuvada mein karaka ke anusara vibhakti ka chunav: 'se' = tritiya/panchami, 'ko' = dvitiya/chaturthi, 'ke liye' = chaturthi, 'mein' = saptami.

Rachanatmak karya mein anuchhed lekhan ka krama: prastavana (mukhya vishaya ka parichay), vivarana (tathyon ka vistar), aur upasamhara (nishkarsh); pratyek anuchhed mein ek hi mukhya vichara rakhein.

Patra-lekhan ke ang: sthana aur dinank, sambodhana, prastavana, mukhya vishaya, upasamhara, aur hastakshar; aupacharik patra mein 'mahodaya'/'mahodaye' ka prayog hota hai.

Sankshepikarana (summary) ke niyam: mula ki mukhya baten rakhein, udaharan aur punarukti hataayein, aur mula ke tulna mein lagbhag ek-tihai shabdon mein likhein.

Sanskrit vakya mein 'iti' ka prayoga: pratyaksha kathan ke ant mein 'iti' (jaise 'rāmaḥ gacchati iti vadati'), aur 'iti' ke baad sandhi ke niyam lagu hote hain.