RBSE VU Vyakaran Shastra flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Nirukta ke char artha-nirnaya

Yaska ke anusara shabda ka arth char prakar se nirnit hota hai: vyutpatti (dhatu se), prayoga (vyavahara se), akhyana (katha se), aur guna-samanya (samanya lakshana se).

Yaska ka akhyata-pradhanya

Yaska mante hain ki akhyata (kriya) pradhana hai kyunki 'bhavah pradhanam akhyatam' - sabhi shabdon ka mula arth kriya mein hi nihit hota hai.

Prauga sandhi

Vaidika sandhi ka vishesh roop jisme 'o' ka 'a' mein parivartana hota hai, jaise 'sa vit' ke sthana par 'sa u' ka prayoga Vedic path mein milta hai.

Munitraya

Sanskrit vyakarana ke teen maha-rishiyon ka samuh: Panini (Ashtadhyayi), Katyayana (Vartika), aur Patanjali (Mahabhashya); inka krama Panini se Patanjali tak hai.

Ashtadhyayi ki sanrachana

Panini ke 8 adhyaya: prathama mein sandhi, dvitiya mein samasa, tritiya mein karaka, chaturtha mein stri-pratyaya, panchama mein krdanta, shashtha mein taddhita, saptama mein dhatu, ashtama mein svara.

Pratyahara siddhanta

Panini ke 14 shiva-sutron se pratyahara banaye jate hain; 'it' sanyna se sutra ka anuvrtti-sthana nirnit hota hai, jaise 'ak' = a, i, u, ṛ, ḷ.

Siddhanta-kaumudi

Bhattoji Dikshita ka granth jisme Ashtadhyayi ke sutron ko prakriya-krama mein vyavasthit kiya gaya; yeh aaj bhi Panini vyakarana ka pramukh adhyapana-granth hai.

Guna-sandhi

Sandhi jisme 'a' ke baad 'i/ī' ho to 'e', 'u/ū' ho to 'o', aur 'ṛ' ho to 'ar' ho jata hai; jaise 'deva' + 'indra' = 'devendra'.

Vriddhi-sandhi

Sandhi jisme 'a' ke baad 'e/ai' ho to 'ai' aur 'o/au' ho to 'au' ho jata hai; jaise 'sadā' + 'eva' = 'sadaiva'.

Yan-sandhi

Sandhi jisme 'i/ī' ke baad asavarṇa svara ho to 'y', 'u/ū' ke baad 'v', 'ṛ' ke baad 'r', aur 'ḷ' ke baad 'l' ho jata hai; jaise 'iti api' = 'ityapi'.

Visarga-sandhi

Visarga ke baad 'a' ho to visarga 'o' ho jata hai; 'k/kh/p/ph/s/ś/ṣ' ke baad visarga 'ḥ' ya 's' mein badal jata hai; 'c/ch' ke baad 'ś', 'ṭ/ṭh' ke baad 'ṣ' hota hai.

Prakritibhava sandhi

Sandhi ka abhav jahan mula roop bana rahta hai; jaise strilinga 'ī' ke baad svara ho to sandhi nahi hota - 'kumārī icchati' mein sandhi nahi.

Karaka ke chhah prakar

Karta (prathama), Karma (dvitiya), Karana (tritiya), Sampradana (chaturthi), Apadana (panchami), Adhikarana (saptami); sambandha (shashthi) karaka nahi hai.

Karmani prayoga

Karmani (passive) prayoga mein karta tritiya vibhakti mein aur karma prathama vibhakti mein hota hai; jaise 'rāmeṇa kriyate' mein 'rāmeṇa' tritiya mein hai.

Sampradana karaka

Sampradana mein chaturthi vibhakti hoti hai; 'dā', 'kath', 'likh' aur 'ruch' dhatuon ke prayoga mein chaturthi ka prayoga hota hai, jaise 'rāmāya rochate'.

Apadana karaka

Apadana mein panchami vibhakti hoti hai; 'apa-dā', 'bhī', 'trā' dhatuon ke saath aur 'anyatra', 'pṛthak' shabdon ke saath panchami ka prayoga hota hai.

Dasha gana

Dhatu ke 10 gana: Bhvadi, Adadi, Juhotyadi, Divadi, Svadi, Tudadi, Rudhadi, Tanadi, Kryadi, Curadi; gana ka nirnaya vikarana pratyaya se hota hai.

Lat lakara ke vikarana

Bhvadi mein 'śap' (a), Adadi mein 'ślu' (luk), Juhotyadi mein dvitva, Divadi mein 'śyan' (ya), Svadi mein 'śnu' (nu), Tudadi mein 'śa' (a), Rudhadi mein 'śnam' (na).

Kta pratyaya

Bhuta-kal ka krdanta pratyaya; dhatu ke ant mein lagta hai, jaise 'bhū' → 'bhūtaḥ', 'kṛ' → 'kṛtaḥ'; iska arth 'karya ho chuka' hota hai.

Vidhi krdanta

Kartavya ka bodh karane wale krdanta pratyaya: 'tavya' (bhavitavyam), 'anīya' (karanīyam), aur 'ya' (kāryam); inka arth 'kartavya' ya 'yogya' hota hai.

Atmanepada dhatu

Keval Atmanepada mein prayukt hone wale dhatu, jaise 'ās' (baithna), 'śī' (sona), 'seva' (sevā karna); inke roop mein 'te/ante' pratyaya lagte hain.

Taddhita pratyaya

Shabda se utpanna hone wale pratyaya, dhatu se nahi; jaise 'rāma' se 'rāmāyaṇa' (apatya) aur 'vidyā' se 'vidyāvān' (matup).

Matup pratyaya

Taddhita pratyaya jiska arth 'asti/asya' (hai/iski) hota hai; jaise 'vidyā' → 'vidyāvān' aur 'dhana' → 'dhanavān'; stri mein 'matī' ya 'vatī' hota hai.

Tva aur tā pratyaya

Bhava-vachak taddhita pratyaya; 'rāma' se 'rāmatva'/'rāmatā' bante hain; donon ka arth 'bhava' (avastha) hota hai aur yeh nirguna bhav ko darshate hain.

Stri-pratyaya ke niyam

'a' se ant shabda mein 'ā' (rāma → rāmā), 'i/u' se ant shabda mein 'ī' (muni → munī), aur 'ṛ' se ant shabda mein 'ī' (kartṛ → kartrī) lagta hai.

Tatpurusha samasa

Samasa jisme uttara-pada pradhana hota hai; jaise 'rāja-putraḥ' (raja ka putra) - yahan 'putra' pradhana hai; vibhakti ke anusara iske 6 upabhed hain.

Bahuvrihi samasa

Samasa jiska arth kisi anya (bahya) pada ka bodh karata hai; jaise 'dīrgha-bāhuḥ' (lambi baahein wala purusha) - yahan 'bāhu' pradhana nahi, 'purusha' pradhana hai.

Dvandva samasa

Samasa jisme donon pada pradhana aur samana-vibhakti mein hote hain; jaise 'rāma-lakṣmaṇau'; 'samāhāra dvandva' mein samuhik arth hota hai, jaise 'pāṇipādam'.

Avyayibhava samasa

Samasa jisme purva-pada avyaya hota hai aur samasa bhi avyaya hi rahta hai; jaise 'yathā-śakti' (shakti ke anusara) aur 'upagiri' (giri ke paas).

Samasa-vigraha

Samasa ko todkar vakya ke roop mein likhna, jisse samasa ka prakar nirnit hota hai; jaise 'rāja-putraḥ' ka vigraha 'rājasya putraḥ' hota hai.

Sanskrit vakya ka krama

Sadharan krama: karta + karma + karana + sampradana + apadana + adhikarana + kriya; kriya aam taur par vakya ke ant mein aati hai, jaise 'rāmaḥ phalam khādati'.

Anuvada mein vibhakti chunav

Hindi se Sanskrit anuvada mein: 'se' = tritiya/panchami, 'ko' = dvitiya/chaturthi, 'ke liye' = chaturthi, 'mein' = saptami; karaka ke anusara vibhakti ka chunav hota hai.