RBSE VU Sanskrit Vangmaya cheat sheet

Valmiki ka Ramayana aur Vyasa ka Mahabharata smriti-parampara ke mula granth hain; Ramayana ko Adi-kavya aur Valmiki ko Adi-kavi kaha jata hai.

Vaidik sahitya ko Rig, Sama, Yajur aur Atharva - char samhitaon mein banta hai; Rigveda sabse prachin hai aur Brahmana-Aranyaka-Upanishad uski vyakhya-parampra hain.

Ashtadhyayi ke rachayita Panini hain; unke purvavarti Katyayana ka Vartika aur Patanjali ka Mahabhashya Panini-vyakarana ki tika-parampara hai.

Kavya-shastra ke mula granth: Bharata ka Natyashastra, Bhamaha ka Kavyalamkara, Dandi ka Kavyadarsha, Anandavardhana ka Dhvanyaloka aur Mammata ka Kavyaprakasha.

Mahabhashya ke baad ke kavya-yug ke pratham kavi Ashvaghosha (Buddhacharita, Saundarananda) aur phir Kalidasa mane jate hain.

Kalidasa ke sapta granth: Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava, Meghaduta, Rtusamhara, Abhijnanashakuntala, Vikramorvashiya, Malavikagnimitra.

Bana ka Harshacharita gadya-kavya hai aur Kadambari gadya-katha; Bhasa ke natak pratima-natak ke roop mein prasiddh hain.

Bhartrihari ke Satakatraya (Shringara, Niti, Vairagya) aur Chanakya-niti shiksha-sahitya ke udaharan hain; Subhashita-sangrah alankarita niti-kavya hain.

Kadambari aur Harshacharita Bana ke gadya granth hain; Kadambari katha-atmak hai aur Harshacharita jivan-charitra-atmak.

Dandi ka Dashakumaracharita gadya-katha ka udaharan hai; ismein katha-vastu aur varnan-shaili dono pradhan hain.

Subandhu ka Vasavadatta gadya-kavya hai; iski shaili lambi samas-yukta vakyavali ke liye prasiddh hai.

Gadya ke bhed: katha (kalpita vastu) aur akhyayika (itihas-ashrit); katha mein kavi ki kalpana aur akhyayika mein satya-ghatna pradhan hoti hai.

Bana-shaili ki visheshta: dirgha samas, alankaron ki bahulata, upama aur rupak ka prayog, aur varnan ki vistritata.

Niti-gadya mein Panchatantra aur Hitopadesha aate hain; dono katha-rupa mein niti sikhate hain aur gadya-mishra shaili mein likhe gaye hain.

Gadya-lekhak ke roop mein Acharya Shankar ka Bhashya-sahitya bhi gadya-parampara ka mahatvapurna hissa hai.

Aadhunik Sanskrit gadya mein nibandh, jivani aur yatra-vrittant vidhaen aati hain; inka mukh-uddeshya vichar-sampreshan hota hai.

Maha-kavya ke lakshan: sarga-baddh katha, nayak ka charitra, shringara ya vira rasa, aur adi-ant mein ashirvachan; Raghuvamsha iska udaharan hai.

Khandakavya chhote praman ka kavya hota hai; Meghaduta sandesh-kavya ka prasiddh udaharan hai.

Kalidasa ke padya granthon mein Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava, Meghaduta aur Rtusamhara aate hain.

Bhartrihari ke shataka niti, shringara aur vairagya par teen sau shlokon ke sangrah hain.

Jayadeva ka Gita-Govinda geeti-kavya hai; ismein Radha-Krishna ka shringara aur ashtapadi shaili hai.

Magha ka Shishupalavadha maha-kavya hai; ismein chaturtha sarga ki shaili alankaron ke liye prasiddh hai.

Bhavabhuti ke natak padya-mishrit hain; Uttararamacharita mein karuna rasa ki pradhanata hai.

Padya mein anuprasa, yamak aur shlesh jaise shabdalankaron ka prayog kavi ki kala ka parichay deta hai.

Natyashastra ke anusar natak ke das roop hain: Nataka, Prakarana, Bhana, Vyayoga, Samavakara, Dima, Ihamriga, Anka, Prahasana aur Vithi.

Nataka mein nayak dhirodatta hota hai aur katha pramukh roop se vikhyat itihas ya puran se li jati hai; Prakarana mein nayak sadharan jiv ka hota hai.

Abhijnanashakuntala mein Shakuntala-Dushyanta ki katha hai; ismein shringara aur karuna rasa ka sanyojan hai.

Mudrarakshasa Vishakhadatta ka rajnaitik natak hai; ismein Chanakya ki niti aur Chandragupta ka rajyabhishek dikhaya gaya hai.

Natak ke panch sandhi: mukha, pratimukha, garbha, vimarsha aur nirvahana; sandhi katha ke pramukh mod hote hain.

Rupaka ke das bhed aur uparupaka ke anek bhed hote hain; natya-shastra mein vritti, pravritti aur siddhi ka bhi varnan hai.

Bhasa ke natak Pratijna-yaugandharayana, Svapnavasavadatta aur Charudatta hain; inki bhasha saral aur swabhavik hai.

Gadya-katha, akhyayika, natak, geeti-kavya aur nibandh - yeh Sanskrit ki pramukh sahitya-vidhaen hain.

Sandhi ke mula bhed: svara-sandhi, vyanjana-sandhi aur visarga-sandhi; svara-sandhi mein dirgha, guna aur vriddhi sandhi aati hain.

Dirgha sandhi: akar/akar ke baad akar/akar aaye to dirgha hota hai (vidya + alaya = vidyalaya); guna sandhi mein a+u = o, a+i = e, a+ri = ar.

Vriddhi sandhi: a/aa ke baad e/o aaye to ai/au banta hai (ek + ek = aika); visarga-sandhi mein visarga ke baad svara aaye to 'o' ya 'r' ho jata hai.

Samas ke mula bhed: tatpurusha, karmadharaya, dvigu, dvandva, bahuvrihi aur avyayibhava; bahuvrihi mein samasta-pada anya ko visheshan karta hai.

Karak: kartri (prathama), karma (dutiya), karana (tritiya), sampradana (chaturthi), apadana (panchami), adhikarana (saptami) aur sambodhana (prathama).

Shabda-rupa: ajanta pullinga 'rama', ajanta strilinga 'lata', ajanta napumsaka 'phala', halanta 'rajan' aur sarvanama 'tat' ke rup vibhakti ke anusar chalte hain.

Dhatu-rupa: lat lakara vartaman ke liye, lan lang lakara bhut ke liye, lrit bhavishya ke liye, lot vidhi/ajna ke liye aur vidhiling ashirvad ke liye prayog hota hai.

Atmanepada aur parasmaipada ka chayan dhatu ke arth aur prayoga par nirbhar karta hai; karmavachya mein karma kartri ke saman prathama vibhakti leta hai.

Chhanda ke ang: akshara, gana, pada, yati aur prastara; gana aath prakar ke hote hain - ya, ra, ta, bha, ja, sa, ma, na.

Anushtubh chhanda mein char pada hote hain aur pratyek pada mein aath akshara hote hain; yeh Sanskrit ka sarvadhik prayukt chhanda hai.

Indravajra chhanda mein pratyek pada mein 11 akshara hote hain aur gana-krama ta-ta-ja-ga-ga hota hai.

Upajati chhanda mein indravajra aur upendravajra ke charan milakar aate hain; ismein 11 akshara prati pada hote hain.

Shardulavikridita chhanda mein 19 akshara prati pada hote hain; iska gana-krama ma-sa-ja-sa-ta-ta-ga hota hai.

Shabdalankar: anuprasa (varnon ki avritti), yamak (shabdon ki avritti), shlesh (ek shabd mein anek arth) aur punarukti.

Arthalankar: upama, rupak, utpreksha, atishayokti, drishtanta, virodhabhasa aur svabhavokti.

Upama mein upameya aur upamana ka saman-dharma vachak shabdon (iva, yatha, sadrishya) se bataya jata hai; rupak mein upameya aur upamana abhinna mane jate hain.

Anuvad mein mula arth aur bhav ko prathmikta di jati hai; shabdik anuvad ke bajay bhavanuvad ko adhik mahatva diya jata hai.

Hindi se Sanskrit anuvad mein kriya ka sthan vaky ke ant mein hota hai aur ling-vachan-vibhakti ka mel karna zaroori hai.

Anuvad ke prakar: shabdik, bhavanuvad, chhaya-anuvad aur punarkathan; takniki shabdon ke liye Sanskrit ke samanarthak shabd chune jate hain.

Rachnatmak lekhan ke prakar: nibandh, patra, kahani, samvad, chitra-varnan aur anuchchhed; pratyek ka apna dhancha hota hai.

Nibandh ka dhancha: prastavna, vishaya-vistara aur upasamhara; prastavna mein vishay ka parichay aur upasamhara mein nishkarsh hota hai.

Sanskrit patra-lekhan mein sambodhana, prarthana, vishaya aur ashirvad ke kram ka dhyan rakha jata hai; aupcharik patra mein 'bhavadiya' jaisa prayog hota hai.

Anuvad karte samay muhavare aur lokoktiyon ka shabdik anuvad nahi karna chahiye; unka samanarthak bhav Sanskrit mein vyakt karna chahiye.

Rachnatmak lekhan mein sandhi, samas aur vibhakti ka shuddh prayog aur vakyon ka sahi kram lekhan ko prabhavi banata hai.

Apathit gadyansh ke prashnon ka uttar diye gaye ansh mein hi khojna chahiye; bahari gyan par adharit uttar nahi dena chahiye.

Gadyansh ke prashn aksar: mukh bhav, shirshak, kathin shabdon ka arth, vaky ka sandarbh aur lekhak ka uddeshya par hote hain.

Shirshak chunne ke liye ansh ke pramukh vishay aur baar-baar aaye vichar ko dekha jata hai; shirshak sanketatmak aur chhota hona chahiye.

Padyansh ke prashn: kavi ka naam, chhanda, alankar, rasa, shabdon ka arth aur pankti ka bhavarth par adharit hote hain.

Ansh mein anek arth wale shabdon ka arth sandarbh ke anusar karna chahiye; kosha ka pratham arth sada sahi nahi hota.

Alankar pehchanne ke liye shabdon ki avritti (anuprasa/yamak) aur upama-vachak shabdon (iva, yatha) ko dekha jata hai.

Padyansh mein pratyek pada ke aksharon ki ginti karke chhanda ki pehchan ki ja sakti hai; 8 akshara = anushtubh, 11 = indravajra/upajati.

Uttar likhte samay ansh ke shabdon ka uddharan dena uttar ko pramanik banata hai aur poore vaky mein likhna chahiye.

Ramayana ke saat kand hain: Bala, Ayodhya, Aranya, Kishkindha, Sundara, Yuddha aur Uttara; Bala aur Uttara kand ko kuch vidwan baad ka jodte hain.

Mahabharata ke 18 parva hain aur ismein Bhagavad Gita Bhishma-parva ke andar aati hai; ise Pancham Veda bhi kaha jata hai.

Puranon ki sankhya 18 mahapurana aur 18 upapurana hai; inmein srishti, vamsha aur manvantara ka varnan hota hai.

Sanskrit natya-parampara mein Bharata ka Natyashastra sabse prachin uplabdh granth hai; ismein rasa-siddhant ka vistar hai.

Kavya-shastra mein rasa ke nau bhed mane gaye hain: shringara, hasya, karuna, raudra, vira, bhayanaka, bibhatsa, adbhuta aur shanta.

Aadhunik Sanskrit sahitya mein pandit-parampara ke baad nav-jagaran hua; ismein nibandh, natak aur kavita mein naye vishay aaye.

Ramayana ka mukhya srot Valmiki hai; Ramcharitmanas Tulsidas ka Awadhi granth hai, Sanskrit nahi.

Kalidasa ke samkaleen aur purvavarti kavi Bhasa, Ashvaghosha aur Bharavi mane jate hain; Bharavi ka Kiratarjuniya maha-kavya hai.

Gadya-kavya mein alankaron ka prayog kavya ke saman hota hai; isliye gadya bhi 'kavya' ke antargat mana jata hai.

Bana ki Kadambari ki katha Kadambari aur Chandrapida ke charitron par aadharit hai; ismein katha ke andar katha ki shaili hai.

Subandhu ka Vasavadatta katha mein Kandarpaketu aur Vasavadatta ka prem hai; ismein shleshalankar ki adhikata hai.

Dandi ke Dashakumaracharita mein das rajkumaron ki yatra aur unke kaarnamon ka varnan hai.

Panchatantra ke paanch tantra hain aur iska uddeshya mitra-bhed, mitra-prapti aur niti sikhana hai.

Hitopadesha mein mitra-labha, suhrid-bheda, vigraha aur sandhi char adhyay hain; iska aadhar Panchatantra hai.

Gadya-lekhan mein vaky ka chhota aur spasht hona pathak ke liye sugam hota hai; lambi samas-yukta vakyavali kathinata badhati hai.

Jivani aur charit-kavya mein nayak ke jivan ki ghatnaon ka kram-baddh varnan hota hai; Harshacharita iska udaharan hai.

Maha-kavya ke sarga 8 se adhik hone chahiye aur pratyek sarga ka ant chhand-baddh hona chahiye; katha nayak ke jivan par kendrit hoti hai.

Khandakavya mein ek hi ghatna ya bhav ka vistar hota hai; Meghaduta mein yaksha ka sandesh aur uttar-megha mein sandesh ka varnan hai.

Raghuvamsha mein 19 sarga hain aur ismein raghu-vamsha ke rajaon ki katha hai; pratham sarga mein vamsha-varnan hai.

Kumarasambhava mein Shiv-Parvati ke vivah aur Skanda ke janm ki katha hai; ismein 17 sarga mane jate hain.

Gita-Govinda mein 12 sarga aur 24 ashtapadi hain; ismein Radha-Krishna ke viraha aur milan ka shringara hai.

Kiratarjuniya mein Arjuna aur Kirata (Shiva) ke yuddh ka varnan hai; ismein 18 sarga hain.

Shishupalavadha mein Krishna aur Shishupala ke yuddh ka varnan hai; ismein 20 sarga hain.

Padya mein chhanda aur alankar ka sanyojan kavya ki shobha badhata hai; sirf alankar hone se kavya uttam nahi hota.

Nataka ke panch avastha: arambha, prayatna, praptyasha, niyatapti aur phalagama; yeh katha ke vikas ko darshate hain.

Nayak ke charitra ke anusar natak ke bhed: dhirodatta, dhiraprashanta, dhiralalita aur dhiroddhata.

Abhijnanashakuntala ke saat ank hain; ismein Shakuntala ke anguthi pehchan ka prasang hai.

Vikramorvashiya mein Pururava aur Urvashi ki katha hai; ismein viyog aur milan ka shringara hai.

Malavikagnimitra mein Agnimitra aur Malavika ka prem hai; yeh ek rajniti aur prem ka natak hai.

Mrichchhakatika Shudraka ka natak hai; ismein Charudatta aur Vasantasena ki katha aur samajik jivan ka chitran hai.

Prahasana hasya-pradhan natak hota hai; ismein samajik vikritiyon ka vyangya hota hai.

Bhana ek hi patra ka natak hota hai jismein vah doosre patron ki batein sunata hai; ismein katha ka vistar nahi hota.

Guna sandhi ke udaharan: deva + indra = devendra, muni + isha = munish, bhavati + iti = bhavatiti.

Vriddhi sandhi ke udaharan: ek + ek = aika, kavi + isha = kavisha, but vriddhi mein a/aa + e = ai aur a/aa + o = au.

Vyanjana sandhi mein hal ke baad svara aaye to hal apne varga ke teesre varna ho jata hai; jaise sat + janah = sajjanah.

Vibhakti-chinh: prathama (s), dutiya (am), tritiya (ta), chaturthi (ne), panchami (nah), shashthi (nah), saptami (ni/am).

Lat lakara ke prathama-purusha ek-vachan ke rup: bhavati, bhavatah, bhavanti; atmanepada mein bhavate, bhavete, bhavante.

Dhatu ke roop mein vachan aur purusha ka mel karna zaroori hai; kartri ke anusar kriya ka roop badalta hai.

Samas mein samasta-pada ka ling aur vachan pradhan pada ke anusar hota hai; bahuvrihi mein visheshya ka ling le liya jata hai.

Avyayibhava samas mein pratham pada avyaya hota hai aur samasta-pada bhi avyaya hi rehta hai; jaise yathashakti.

Gana ka smaran-sutra: ya-mata-ra-ja-bha-na-sa-la-ga - ismein 'ya' se 'ga' tak aath gana aate hain.

Prastara mein gana ke laghu-guru ke sabhi vikalp likhe jate hain; isse chhanda ka vishleshan hota hai.

Vasantatilaka chhanda mein 14 akshara prati pada hote hain; iska gana-krama ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga hai.

Mandakranta chhanda mein 17 akshara prati pada hote hain; gana-krama ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga hai.

Malini chhanda mein 15 akshara prati pada hote hain; gana-krama na-na-ma-ya-ya hai.

Anuprasa mein ek hi varna ka baar-baar prayog hota hai; yamak mein ek hi shabd ka punah prayog hota hai.

Utpreksha mein upameya ko kalpana se upamana ke saman dikhaya jata hai; 'iva' ke saath 'kalpana' ka bhav hota hai.

Atishayokti mein kisi vastu ka varnan atishayokti se kiya jata hai; ismein asambhav ko sambhav dikhaya jata hai.

Anuvad se pehle mula vaky ko dhyan se padhkar uske mukh-bhav ko samajhna chahiye; phir Sanskrit ke anukool shabd chunne chahiye.

Sanskrit mein anuvad karte samay 'ka' aur 'ki' ke liye shashthi vibhakti aur sambandh ka prayog hota hai; 'ke liye' ke liye chaturthi.

Samay-suchak shabdon ka anuvad: 'aur' = cha, 'lekin' = kintu/parantu, 'isliye' = atah/tasmah, 'yadi' = yadi, 'to' = tarhi.

Anuvad mein sankhya aur vachan ka mel karna zaroori hai; ek-vachan ke liye ek, dvi-vachan ke liye dvi aur bahu-vachan ke liye bahu ka prayog hota hai.

Nibandh ke liye vishay ka chunav, tathyon ka sangrah, dhancha-banavata aur punarlekhana - yeh char charan hote hain.

Patra-lekhan mein 'priya mitra', 'aadarniya', 'sadar namaskar' aur 'bhavadiya' jaise aupcharik shabdon ka prayog hota hai.

Kahani-lekhan mein patra, ghatna-sthal, samvad aur nishkarsh hote hain; ghatnaon ka kram spasht hona chahiye.

Samvad-lekhan mein do ya adhik patraon ki batein kram se likhi jati hain; pratyek patra ka bhasha-sttar alag hota hai.

Gadyansh ke prashn aksar 'anusar' ya 'ke anusar' shabdon ke saath aate hain; inka uttar ansh mein hi milta hai.

Ansh mein anek vakya hote hain; mukh bhav ke liye poore ansh ko padhkar ek vaky mein saar likhna chahiye.

Kathin shabd ka arth ansh ke sandarbh se nikalna chahiye; agar ansh mein hi uska sanket ho to use pehchano.

Padyansh mein kavi ka naam aur granth ka naam ansh ke ant mein ya shirsha mein diya hota hai; use dhyan se padho.

Rasa pehchanne ke liye ansh ke bhav aur vishay ko dekho; shringara mein prem, karuna mein duhkh aur vira mein utsah hota hai.

Alankar ke prashn mein sabse pehle shabdon ki avritti dekho; agar varna ki avritti ho to anuprasa, shabd ki avritti ho to yamak.

Ansh ke uttar mein ansh ke shabdon ka uddharan dena chahiye; apne shabdon mein uttar likhne se praman kam hota hai.

Padyansh mein pratyek pada ke aksharon ki ginti karke chhanda ka naam likhna chahiye; gana-krama se chhanda ki pushti hoti hai.

Vaidik sahitya ke baad ke yug ko sutra-yug kaha jata hai; ismein Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chhanda, Jyotisha aur Shiksha - chhah vedanga aate hain.

Ramayana ke rachayita Valmiki ko 'Adi-kavi' kaha jata hai; unka granth 24,000 shlokon ka mana jata hai.

Mahabharata ka rachna-kal 400 BCE se 400 CE ke beech mana jata hai; ismein 18 parva aur 100,000 se adhik shlok hain.

Kavya-shastra mein kavya ke teen bhed: gadya, padya aur mishra; natak mishra-kavya ke antargat aata hai.

Sanskrit sahitya ke itihas ko vaidik, sutra, smriti, kavya aur aadhunik yugon mein banta jata hai.

Kalidasa ka samay aksar Gupta-kal (4th-5th century CE) mana jata hai; unke natak aur maha-kavya dono prasiddh hain.

Natak ke kshetra mein Bhasa, Kalidasa, Shudraka, Bhavabhuti aur Vishakhadatta pramukh natakkar hain.

Aadhunik Sanskrit sahitya mein 19th-20th century ke lekhak niti, rashtriya bhav aur samajik vishayon par likhte hain.

Gadya ke prakar: katha, akhyayika, nibandh, jivani, patra aur samvad; pratyek ka apna prayojan hota hai.

Katha mein kalpana pradhan hoti hai; akhyayika mein itihas ya satya-ghatna ka aadhar hota hai.

Kadambari mein katha ke andar katha ki shaili hai; ismein Kadambari aur Chandrapida ki katha aati hai.

Harshacharita mein Harsha ke jivan aur rajyabhishek ka varnan hai; yeh jivani-parampara ka udaharan hai.

Vasavadatta ke rachayita Subandhu hain; iski shaili mein lambi samas aur shleshalankar pramukh hain.

Dashakumaracharita mein das rajkumaron ki yatra ka varnan hai; yeh katha-parampara ka udaharan hai.

Panchatantra ke paanch tantra hain; ismein mitra-bhed, mitra-prapti, sandhi aur vigraha ki niti sikhayi jati hai.

Hitopadesha mein mitra-labha, suhrid-bheda, vigraha aur sandhi - char adhyay hain; iska aadhar Panchatantra hai.

Maha-kavya ke lakshan: nayak dhirodatta, katha sarga-baddh, shringara ya vira rasa aur adi-ant mein mangal-ashirvad.

Khandakavya mein ek ghatna ya bhav ka vistar hota hai; Meghaduta sandesh-kavya ka prasiddh udaharan hai.

Raghuvamsha mein 19 sarga hain; pratham sarga mein vamsha-varnan aur antim sarga mein Agnivarna ki katha hai.

Kumarasambhava mein Shiv-Parvati ke vivah aur Skanda ke janm ki katha hai; ismein 17 sarga mane jate hain.

Gita-Govinda mein 12 sarga aur 24 ashtapadi hain; ismein Radha-Krishna ke viraha aur milan ka shringara hai.

Kiratarjuniya mein Arjuna aur Kirata (Shiva) ke yuddh ka varnan hai; ismein 18 sarga hain.

Shishupalavadha mein Krishna aur Shishupala ke yuddh ka varnan hai; ismein 20 sarga hain.

Padya mein chhanda aur alankar ka sanyojan kavya ki shobha badhata hai; sirf alankar hone se kavya uttam nahi hota.

Nataka ke panch avastha: arambha, prayatna, praptyasha, niyatapti aur phalagama; yeh katha ke vikas ko darshate hain.

Nayak ke charitra ke anusar natak ke bhed: dhirodatta, dhiraprashanta, dhiralalita aur dhiroddhata.

Abhijnanashakuntala ke saat ank hain; ismein Shakuntala ke anguthi pehchan ka prasang hai.

Vikramorvashiya mein Pururava aur Urvashi ki katha hai; ismein viyog aur milan ka shringara hai.

Malavikagnimitra mein Agnimitra aur Malavika ka prem hai; yeh ek rajniti aur prem ka natak hai.

Mrichchhakatika Shudraka ka natak hai; ismein Charudatta aur Vasantasena ki katha aur samajik jivan ka chitran hai.

Prahasana hasya-pradhan natak hota hai; ismein samajik vikritiyon ka vyangya hota hai.

Bhana ek hi patra ka natak hota hai jismein vah doosre patron ki batein sunata hai; ismein katha ka vistar nahi hota.

Guna sandhi ke udaharan: deva + indra = devendra, muni + isha = munish, bhavati + iti = bhavatiti.

Vriddhi sandhi ke udaharan: ek + ek = aika, kavi + isha = kavisha, but vriddhi mein a/aa + e = ai aur a/aa + o = au.

Vyanjana sandhi mein hal ke baad svara aaye to hal apne varga ke teesre varna ho jata hai; jaise sat + janah = sajjanah.

Vibhakti-chinh: prathama (s), dutiya (am), tritiya (ta), chaturthi (ne), panchami (nah), shashthi (nah), saptami (ni/am).

Lat lakara ke prathama-purusha ek-vachan ke rup: bhavati, bhavatah, bhavanti; atmanepada mein bhavate, bhavete, bhavante.

Dhatu ke roop mein vachan aur purusha ka mel karna zaroori hai; kartri ke anusar kriya ka roop badalta hai.

Samas mein samasta-pada ka ling aur vachan pradhan pada ke anusar hota hai; bahuvrihi mein visheshya ka ling le liya jata hai.

Avyayibhava samas mein pratham pada avyaya hota hai aur samasta-pada bhi avyaya hi rehta hai; jaise yathashakti.

Gana ka smaran-sutra: ya-mata-ra-ja-bha-na-sa-la-ga - ismein 'ya' se 'ga' tak aath gana aate hain.

Prastara mein gana ke laghu-guru ke sabhi vikalp likhe jate hain; isse chhanda ka vishleshan hota hai.

Vasantatilaka chhanda mein 14 akshara prati pada hote hain; iska gana-krama ta-bha-ja-ja-ga-ga hai.

Mandakranta chhanda mein 17 akshara prati pada hote hain; gana-krama ma-bha-na-ta-ta-ga-ga hai.

Malini chhanda mein 15 akshara prati pada hote hain; gana-krama na-na-ma-ya-ya hai.

Anuprasa mein ek hi varna ka baar-baar prayog hota hai; yamak mein ek hi shabd ka punah prayog hota hai.

Utpreksha mein upameya ko kalpana se upamana ke saman dikhaya jata hai; 'iva' ke saath 'kalpana' ka bhav hota hai.

Atishayokti mein kisi vastu ka varnan atishayokti se kiya jata hai; ismein asambhav ko sambhav dikhaya jata hai.

Anuvad se pehle mula vaky ko dhyan se padhkar uske mukh-bhav ko samajhna chahiye; phir Sanskrit ke anukool shabd chunne chahiye.

Sanskrit mein anuvad karte samay 'ka' aur 'ki' ke liye shashthi vibhakti aur sambandh ka prayog hota hai; 'ke liye' ke liye chaturthi.

Samay-suchak shabdon ka anuvad: 'aur' = cha, 'lekin' = kintu/parantu, 'isliye' = atah/tasmah, 'yadi' = yadi, 'to' = tarhi.

Anuvad mein sankhya aur vachan ka mel karna zaroori hai; ek-vachan ke liye ek, dvi-vachan ke liye dvi aur bahu-vachan ke liye bahu ka prayog hota hai.

Nibandh ke liye vishay ka chunav, tathyon ka sangrah, dhancha-banavata aur punarlekhana - yeh char charan hote hain.

Patra-lekhan mein 'priya mitra', 'aadarniya', 'sadar namaskar' aur 'bhavadiya' jaise aupcharik shabdon ka prayog hota hai.

Kahani-lekhan mein patra, ghatna-sthal, samvad aur nishkarsh hote hain; ghatnaon ka kram spasht hona chahiye.

Samvad-lekhan mein do ya adhik patraon ki batein kram se likhi jati hain; pratyek patra ka bhasha-sttar alag hota hai.

Gadyansh ke prashn aksar 'anusar' ya 'ke anusar' shabdon ke saath aate hain; inka uttar ansh mein hi milta hai.

Ansh mein anek vakya hote hain; mukh bhav ke liye poore ansh ko padhkar ek vaky mein saar likhna chahiye.

Kathin shabd ka arth ansh ke sandarbh se nikalna chahiye; agar ansh mein hi uska sanket ho to use pehchano.

Padyansh mein kavi ka naam aur granth ka naam ansh ke ant mein ya shirsha mein diya hota hai; use dhyan se padho.

Rasa pehchanne ke liye ansh ke bhav aur vishay ko dekho; shringara mein prem, karuna mein duhkh aur vira mein utsah hota hai.

Alankar ke prashn mein sabse pehle shabdon ki avritti dekho; agar varna ki avritti ho to anuprasa, shabd ki avritti ho to yamak.

Ansh ke uttar mein ansh ke shabd ka uddharan dena chahiye; apne shabdon mein uttar likhne se praman kam hota hai.

Padyansh mein pratyek pada ke aksharon ki ginti karke chhanda ka naam likhna chahiye; gana-krama se chhanda ki pushti hoti hai.