Rajasthan CET Graduate cheat sheet

Rajasthan was formed in stages: Matsya Union (18 March 1948), Rajasthan Union (25 March 1948), Greater Rajasthan (30 March 1949), United Rajasthan (15 May 1949), and the final unified state on 1 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act.

Jaipur is the capital; Rajasthan has 33 districts after the creation of new districts in 2023 (including Deeg, Didwana-Kuchaman, Dudu, Gangapur City, Kekri, Kotputli-Behror, Khairthal-Tijara, Salumbar, Sanchore, Neem Ka Thana, Balotra, Anoopgarh, Banswara additions per state notifications). Verify current count before answering.

The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly has 200 seats; the state sends 25 members to the Lok Sabha and 10 to the Rajya Sabha.

High Court: Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur (established 29 August 1949), with a bench at Jaipur.

Key state institutions: Rajasthan Public Service Commission (Ajmer), Rajasthan Staff Selection Board (Jaipur), Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission (Jaipur), Lokayukta (Jaipur).

Major state schemes: Mukhyamantri Chiranjeevi (health insurance), Indira Gandhi Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme, Mukhyamantri Yuva Sambal (unemployment allowance), Palanhar Yojana (child care), Rajshree Yojana (girl child).

Current affairs anchors: state budget presented annually in the Assembly, Rajasthan Diwas on 30 March, and the state's desert tourism and renewable energy (solar parks at Bhadla, Jaisalmer) are frequently tested.

Bhadla Solar Park in Jaisalmer district is among the world's largest solar parks; Rajasthan leads India in installed solar capacity.

Major dynasties: Guhilas/Sisodias of Mewar, Rathores of Marwar, Kachwahas of Amber/Jaipur, Chauhans of Ajmer and Sirohi, Bhatis of Jaisalmer, Shekhawats of Shekhawati, and Hadas of Bundi and Kota.

Mewar rulers: Bappa Rawal (founder tradition), Rana Kumbha (built Kumbhalgarh, Vijay Stambh at Chittorgarh), Rana Sanga (Battle of Khanwa 1527), Maharana Pratap (Battle of Haldighati 1576 against Akbar's forces led by Man Singh).

Marwar: Rao Jodha founded Jodhpur in 1459; Maldev expanded Marwar; Maharaja Jaswant Singh; Durgadas Rathore resisted Aurangzeb.

Jaipur: Raja Man Singh I, Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Sawai Jai Singh II founded Jaipur city in 1727 and built observatories (Jantar Mantar) at Jaipur, Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi, Mathura.

Folk deities: Pabuji, Gogaji, Tejaji, Ramdevji, Harbhuji, Mehaji Mangaliya, Kalla ji; Devnarayan ji.

Folk dances: Ghoomar (Marwar), Gair (Mewar, Holi), Chari (Kishangarh/Ajmer), Kalbelia (Kalbelia community, UNESCO Intangible Heritage 2010), Terah Tali (Kamad community), Bhavai, Walar.

Fairs: Pushkar Cattle Fair (Kartik Purnima), Teej (Jaipur), Gangaur, Desert Festival (Jaisalmer), Camel Fair (Bikaner), Urs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (Ajmer).

Painting schools: Mewar, Marwar, Hadoti, Dhundhar, and Kishangarh (Bani Thani style); Phad painting of Shahpura, Pichhwai of Nathdwara.

Location: 23.03°N–30.12°N latitude and 69.30°E–78.17°E longitude; area 342,239 sq km, the largest Indian state; borders Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, plus Pakistan to the west.

Physiographic divisions: Western Desert (Marusthali), Aravalli Range (oldest fold mountains, highest peak Guru Shikhar 1,722 m on Mount Abu), Eastern Plains, and Hadoti plateau.

Rivers: Chambal (only perennial, origin Janapav hills, forms boundary with MP), Luni (only river of the desert basin, origin Naga Hills near Ajmer, ends in Rann of Kutch), Banas (origin Khamnor hills, joins Chambal), Mahi, Sabarmati, Banganga, Ghaggar (inland drainage).

Climate: arid west (less than 20 cm rainfall), semi-arid centre, sub-humid east; Thar desert receives hot winds called 'loo'; Aravalli acts as a climatic divide.

National parks: Ranthambore (tiger), Keoladeo Ghana, Bharatpur (birds, UNESCO site), Mukundara Hills, Sariska (tiger reserve), Desert National Park (Jaisalmer, Great Indian Bustard).

Sanctuaries and reserves: Tal Chhapar (blackbuck), Kumbhalgarh, Sitamata, Jaisamand, Bandh Baretha, Ramsagar, Van Vihar; tiger reserves at Ranthambore, Sariska, Mukundara Hills, Ramgarh Vishdhari.

Soils: sandy (west), red and black in Hadoti, alluvial in eastern plains, saline in parts of Nagaur, Jodhpur and Barmer.

Minerals: zinc-lead at Zawar (Udaipur), copper at Khetri (Jhunjhunu), gypsum at Nagaur, rock phosphate at Jhamarkotra, marble at Makrana, sandstone at Dholpur, petroleum at Mangala-Bhagyam-Aishwarya fields (Barmer).

Constitution adopted by Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; original 395 articles, 22 parts, 8 schedules.

Sources: Fundamental Rights from USA, Parliamentary system from UK, Directive Principles from Ireland, Emergency provisions from Germany (Weimar), Fundamental Duties from USSR.

Fundamental Rights: Articles 12–35; six rights after Article 31 was repealed by the 44th Amendment (1978); right to constitutional remedies (Art 32) called the 'heart and soul' by Ambedkar.

Fundamental Duties: Article 51A, ten duties added by 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee recommendation; 11th duty added by 86th Amendment (education of children 6–14).

President: elected by electoral college (elected MPs and MLAs) using single transferable vote and proportional representation; impeachment under Article 61.

Parliament: Lok Sabha max 552, Rajya Sabha max 250 (238 elected + 12 nominated); money bills only in Lok Sabha under Article 110, Rajya Sabha can delay 14 days.

Panchayati Raj: 73rd Amendment (1992) added Part IX and Eleventh Schedule (29 subjects); 74th Amendment added Part IXA and Twelfth Schedule (18 subjects).

Emergency: National (Art 352), State (Art 356), Financial (Art 360); 44th Amendment changed 'internal disturbance' to 'armed rebellion'.

Indus Valley Civilisation: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal (dockyard), Kalibangan and Ganganagar region sites in Rajasthan, Dholavira (Gujarat); script undeciphered, Bronze Age.

Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta with Kautilya's Arthashastra, Ashoka's dhamma and rock edicts; Ashoka's inscriptions at Bairat and Rupnath (MP) reflect Mauryan reach.

Gupta period: Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription by Harisena; Chandragupta II; 'Golden Age' for art, literature and science (Aryabhata).

Delhi Sultanate: Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi dynasties; Alauddin Khilji's market reforms; Timur's invasion 1398.

Mughal Empire: Babur (Panipat 1526), Akbar (Din-i-Ilahi, mansabdari), Shah Jahan (Taj Mahal), Aurangzeb; decline after 1707.

1857 Revolt: began at Meerut 10 May 1857; leaders include Mangal Pandey, Rani Lakshmibai, Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh; Rajasthan's Kota and Aauwa (Thakur Kushal Singh) revolts.

Freedom movement: INC founded 1885 (A.O. Hume), Partition of Bengal 1905, Jallianwala Bagh 1919, Non-Cooperation 1920, Civil Disobedience 1930 (Dandi March), Quit India 1942.

Rajasthan's role: Bijolia and Begun peasant movements, Eki movement of Motilal Tejawat, Praja Mandal movements, and the 1946 Vijay Stambh at Jaipur's Assembly.

India: 8°4'N–37°6'N latitude and 68°7'E–97°25'E longitude; area 3.28 million sq km, 7th largest; Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states.

Physical divisions: Himalaya, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Islands (Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep).

Rivers: Himalayan (perennial, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra systems) and Peninsular (rain-fed, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada, Tapi).

Monsoon: southwest monsoon June–September; Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch; Mawsynram and Cherrapunji among wettest places.

World: largest continent Asia, largest ocean Pacific, longest river Nile, largest desert Sahara, highest peak Everest (8,849 m).

Latitudes and longitudes: 1° latitude ≈ 111 km; IST is based on 82°30'E; Earth rotates 15° per hour.

Climate zones: Koppen classification; India has tropical monsoon, semi-arid, desert, humid subtropical and tundra (Himalaya) types.

Population and resources: India's 2011 census population 1.21 billion; Rajasthan's population 6.85 crore; sex ratio 928 (India), 928 (Rajasthan 2011).

SI units: length metre, mass kilogram, time second, force newton, energy joule, power watt, pressure pascal.

Newton's laws: F = ma; action-reaction; inertia. Speed of light 3×10^8 m/s; acceleration due to gravity ≈ 9.8 m/s².

Work, power, energy: W = F×d, P = W/t, kinetic energy = ½mv², potential energy = mgh.

Electricity: Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI = I²R; series resistance R = R1+R2; parallel 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2.

Human body: 206 bones in adults, largest organ skin, largest gland liver, normal blood pressure 120/80 mmHg, RBC lifespan ~120 days, universal donor O negative.

Vitamins: A (retinol, night blindness), B1 (beriberi), C (scurvy), D (rickets), K (clotting); deficiency diseases are common exam items.

Chemistry: atomic number = protons; pH 7 neutral, below 7 acidic, above 7 basic; most abundant element in Earth's crust oxygen, in atmosphere nitrogen.

Biology: photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2; DNA double helix; blood groups ABO and Rh.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating patterns before assuming a single rule.

Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1 … Z=26; opposite pairs A-Z, B-Y, C-X (sum 27); reverse alphabet used in many questions.

Blood relations: draw a tree; '+' male, '−' female conventions help; 'maternal' means mother's side, 'paternal' father's side.

Direction sense: use a compass sketch; net displacement found by Pythagoras when movements are perpendicular.

Syllogism: apply Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some' means at least one.

Seating arrangement: fix one anchor, then place left/right according to facing direction (facing north: left is west).

Calendar: ordinary year shifts weekday by 1, leap year by 2; 100 years shift 5 days, 400 years shift 0.

Clock: minute hand 6° per minute, hour hand 0.5° per minute; hands coincide every 65 5/11 minutes.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100)×N; successive change a% then b% gives net a+b+ab/100.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP−CP)/CP×100; discount% = (MP−SP)/MP×100.

Simple interest SI = P×R×T/100; compound interest A = P(1+R/100)^T.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide amount N in ratio a:b as Na/(a+b) and Nb/(a+b).

Average = sum of values / number of values; combined average uses weighted sums, not simple mean of averages.

Time, speed, distance: distance = speed×time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; relative speed adds when moving opposite, subtracts when same direction.

Time and work: work rate = 1/days; if A alone takes a days and B alone b days, together ab/(a+b) days.

Mensuration: circle area πr², circumference 2πr; rectangle area lb; triangle area ½bh; cylinder volume πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वरों का मेल), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; जैसे सूर्य+उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), अव्ययीभाव (पूर्व पद अव्यय)।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में, प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ते हैं; जैसे 'अनु' + 'शासन' = अनुशासन।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; वाक्य भेद - सरल, संयुक्त, मिश्र।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्णों की आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (संभावना)।

रस: श्रृंगार, वीर, करुण, हास्य, रौद्र, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत, वात्सल्य - नौ नवरस।

मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ: 'अंधे की लाठी' का अर्थ है एकमात्र सहारा; 'नौ-दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना।

वर्तनी और शब्द-शुद्धि: 'पुनरुत्थान', 'अनुगृहीत', 'व्यावहारिक' जैसे शब्दों की शुद्ध वर्तनी पर प्रश्न आते हैं।

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; identify by function in the sentence, not by form.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + V3) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + V3) for the earlier of two past actions.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each', 'every', 'neither', 'either' take singular verbs; collective nouns take singular unless members act individually.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for specific or unique items.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'.

Direct to indirect speech: change tense one step back, adjust pronouns and time/place words (today → that day, here → there).

Vocabulary: synonyms, antonyms, idioms ('once in a blue moon' = very rarely), one-word substitutions ('philanthropist' = lover of mankind).