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The Thar Desert, also called the Great Indian Desert, stretches across western Rajasthan and adjoining Pakistan. It is the dominant geographical feature of districts such as Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur. The other landforms listed lie outside Rajasthan's arid west.
The Aravalli is among the oldest fold mountain systems in the world and runs diagonally across Rajasthan from the south-west to the north-east. Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu is its highest peak. It is neither volcanic nor coastal.
Mount Abu sits in the southern Aravalli Range in Sirohi district and is Rajasthan's only hill station. Its Guru Shikhar peak is the highest point in the state. The Vindhya, Satpura and Nilgiri ranges lie in other parts of India.
The Luni rises near Pushkar in the Aravallis and drains the western desert before reaching the Rann of Kutch. It is the principal river of the Thar region and the longest river course lying within Rajasthan. The Banas, Chambal and Mahi are also Rajasthan rivers but do not match it in this respect.
The Indira Gandhi Canal, earlier called the Rajasthan Canal, starts at the Harike Barrage in Punjab where the Sutlej and Beas join. It carries water south-west into the desert districts of Rajasthan. The Chambal, Luni and Mahi are unconnected to this canal system.
Keoladeo National Park lies near Bharatpur in eastern Rajasthan and is a UNESCO World Heritage site noted for its wetland birdlife, including the Siberian crane historically. The other cities are associated with different protected areas and habitats.
The Desert National Park near Jaisalmer and Barmer protects arid grassland and sand dune habitat where the endangered Great Indian Bustard survives. Ranthambore, Sariska and Mukundra are tiger reserves in other ecological zones.
Haldighati, in the Aravallis near Gogunda, saw Maharana Pratap of Mewar face the Mughal army led by Man Singh. Pratap continued guerrilla resistance after the battle. Rana Sanga and Rao Jodha belong to earlier generations of Rajput history.
The Vijay Stambh, or Tower of Victory, was raised at Chittorgarh by Rana Kumbha of the Sisodia line of Mewar. Chittorgarh was the historic capital of Mewar before Udaipur. The Kachhwaha, Rathore and Bhati ruled other Rajput states.
The Kachhwaha clan ruled Amber and later founded Jaipur, with Sawai Jai Singh II as its best-known ruler. The Sisodias ruled Mewar, the Rathores Marwar and Bikaner, and the Chauhans Ajmer and Sambhar.
Chari is a Rajasthani folk dance in which women carry a lit brass pot on the head and move with graceful steps. Ghoomar is a swirling dance of the Ghoomar community, Bhavai involves balancing pots while dancing, and Kachhi Ghodi uses dummy horses.
The Pushkar Fair takes place around Kartik Purnima beside Pushkar Lake and combines a major cattle and camel market with ritual bathing at the Brahma temple town. It is not a river boat race or purely a polo event.
In Rajasthan, Makarsankranti is marked by the lighting of a large bonfire, called Makar or Sankrant, around which people gather and offer sesame and sweets. Gangaur and Teej are festivals of women's devotion, and Lohri is primarily a Punjab festival.
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, the Vidhan Sabha, is a unicameral body with members directly elected from assembly constituencies. India has bicameral legislatures only at the Union level and in a few states such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Rajasthan sends 25 members to the Lok Sabha under the current delimitation. The state's assembly has 200 seats, which is a different figure. Confusing the two numbers is a common error in general awareness questions.
The Election Commission of India is the constitutional authority that superintends and conducts elections to Parliament and to state legislatures, including Rajasthan's Vidhan Sabha. The RPSC handles recruitment to state services, not elections.
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule. Rajasthan was an early state to implement panchayati raj through the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act. The other amendments dealt with different subjects.
MGNREGS legally guarantees wage employment to rural households that demand work, with the number of days set by statute. It is implemented across states including Rajasthan. The other schemes address housing, health insurance and cooking fuel.
The Chiranjeevi scheme offers cashless medical treatment up to a defined annual limit at empanelled hospitals for eligible Rajasthan residents. It is a health-financing programme rather than an agricultural or education subsidy.
Jaipur has been the capital of Rajasthan since the state was reorganised, and it houses the Secretariat, the Legislative Assembly and the High Court. Jodhpur, Udaipur and Kota are major cities but not the seat of state government.
Rajasthan's western districts, including Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Sriganganagar, border Pakistan along the Thar Desert. Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar lie along other Indian state frontiers.
The Bhadla Solar Park, one of the world's largest solar installations, lies in Jodhpur district near the Bhadla area of Phalodi tehsil. Its location in the arid west takes advantage of high solar insolation and available land.
Sambhar Lake lies in Jaipur district near the border with Nagaur and is India's largest inland saline lake, fed by seasonal streams. It is a Ramsar wetland and an important habitat for flamingos.
Jodhpur is called the Blue City because many houses in the old town around Mehrangarh are painted blue. Jaipur is the Pink City, Udaipur the City of Lakes, and Bikaner is known for Junagarh Fort and bhujia.
The Rajasthan Public Service Commission, the state's recruiting agency for civil services, is based in Ajmer. The state secretariat and high court are in Jaipur, which often causes confusion in objective questions.
The Thar Desert, also called the Great Indian Desert, occupies the western portion of Rajasthan and continues into parts of Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana as well as Pakistan. It is bounded on the east by the Aravalli Range, which separates it from the more fertile eastern districts.
The Aravalli Range is among the oldest fold mountains in the world, far older than the Himalayas, and it trends south-west to north-east across Rajasthan. Its highest point is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu, and it acts as a climatic and drainage divide within the state.
The Chambal rises in the Vindhya region and enters Rajasthan in its south-eastern districts, flowing generally northward before joining the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. It is a major tributary of the Yamuna system and is known for its deep ravines.
The Luni originates near Ajmer in the Aravalli Range and flows south-west through the arid western region, finally reaching the Rann of Kutch. Because it depends on monsoon rainfall, it is largely seasonal, and its water becomes saline in its lower course.
Rajasthan's rainfall declines from east to west, so the eastern and south-eastern districts receive substantially more monsoon rain than the arid west. The Aravalli Range also influences this pattern by intercepting moisture on its eastern side.
Rajasthan is a leading producer of zinc and lead in India, with important mines at Zawar and Rampura Agucha. The state is also known for other minerals such as marble, but the zinc-lead deposits are a distinctive feature of its mineral wealth.
The Indira Gandhi Canal, earlier known as the Rajasthan Canal, starts at the Harike Barrage in Punjab and carries water from the Sutlej-Beas system into north-western Rajasthan. It is intended to bring irrigation to the desert districts and has significantly changed agriculture there.
Article 153 states that there shall be a Governor for each state, and the same person may be appointed Governor for two or more states. The Governor is appointed by the President and acts as the constitutional head of the state.
The Governor is the nominal or constitutional head of the state, but real executive power is exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister. The Governor acts largely on the advice of this Council, as provided in the Constitution.
Members of a state legislative assembly, including Rajasthan's, are directly elected by the voters from single-member territorial constituencies. The Governor may nominate a small number of members only in specific circumstances, such as the Anglo-Indian community provision where applicable.
The Election Commission of India supervises the preparation of electoral rolls for assembly and parliamentary elections, working through the Chief Electoral Officer of the state. The RPSC, by contrast, conducts recruitment examinations for state services.
The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament and represents the states. Its members from a state like Rajasthan are elected by the elected members of that state's Legislative Assembly through proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.
Directive Principles, found in Part IV of the Constitution, guide state policy but are not enforceable in courts. Organising agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines is one such directive, whereas equality, life and liberty, and protection against exploitation are enforceable Fundamental Rights.
The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank and is responsible for issuing currency, regulating banks, and managing monetary policy. The Union Budget is prepared by the Ministry of Finance, while the census is conducted by the census organisation.
GST is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services, and its rates and structure are decided by the GST Council, which includes central and state finance ministers. It is destination-based, meaning the tax accrues to the state where consumption takes place.
राजस्थान का राज्य पक्षी गोडावण (Great Indian Bustard) है, जिसे सोन चिड़िया भी कहा जाता है। यह मरुस्थलीय घास के मैदानों में पाया जाता है और संरक्षण के लिए अत्यंत संवेदनशील प्रजाति है। मोर भारत का राष्ट्रीय पक्षी है, राज्य का नहीं।
थार मरुस्थल उष्ण कटिबंधीय शुष्क जलवायु क्षेत्र में आता है, जहाँ वार्षिक वर्षा बहुत कम और तापमान अधिक रहता है। वर्षा का अभाव और वाष्पीकरण की उच्च दर इस क्षेत्र की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ हैं।
घूमर राजस्थान का प्रसिद्ध लोक नृत्य है, जिसमें महिलाएँ घूमर नामक चौड़ा घाघरा पहनकर गोल घेरे में नृत्य करती हैं। यह विशेष रूप से मेवाड़ क्षेत्र से जुड़ा है और तीज तथा गणगौर जैसे त्योहारों पर किया जाता है।
गुरु शिखर माउंट आबू के अरावली पर्वतमाला में स्थित है और राजस्थान का सर्वोच्च शिखर है। इसकी ऊँचाई लगभग 1,722 मीटर है और यह सिरोही जिले में पड़ता है।
मरु महोत्सव जैसलमेर में प्रतिवर्ष आयोजित होता है और इसमें रेगिस्तानी संस्कृति, ऊँट दौड़ और लोक संगीत प्रदर्शित किए जाते हैं। यह पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने वाला प्रमुख राज्य उत्सव है।
खड़ीन एक परंपरागत जल-संचयन आधारित कृषि पद्धति है, जिसमें वर्षा का जल रोककर उसकी नमी में फसल उगाई जाती है। यह पश्चिमी राजस्थान के शुष्क क्षेत्रों में विशेष रूप से प्रचलित है।
खेजड़ी (Prosopis cineraria) राजस्थान का राज्य वृक्ष है और इसे 'मरुस्थल का कल्पवृक्ष' कहा जाता है। यह शुष्क परिस्थितियों में भी जीवित रहता है और चारा, फली तथा छाया प्रदान करता है।
कालीबंगा हनुमानगढ़ जिले में घग्घर नदी के किनारे स्थित है और सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का प्रमुख स्थल है। यहाँ से जुते हुए खेत और अग्नि वेदिकाएँ प्राप्त हुई हैं।
इंदिरा गांधी नहर का पानी सतलुज नदी पर बने हरिके बैराज से लिया जाता है। यह नहर राजस्थान के मरुस्थलीय क्षेत्रों में सिंचाई और पेयजल उपलब्ध कराती है।
अरावली का सबसे सघन और ऊँचा विस्तार राजस्थान के दक्षिणी भाग में है, जहाँ माउंट आबू और गुरु शिखर स्थित हैं। यह पर्वतमाला दक्षिण-पश्चिम से उत्तर-पूर्व की ओर फैली है।