Telangana High Court Junior Assistant key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in High Courts under Article 226 and Supreme Courts under Article 32. They include equality, speech, life, and liberty.

A formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to issue a written order directing a public authority to act, stop acting, or release a detained person. Common writs include habeas corpus and mandamus.

The power of courts to examine laws and government actions and declare them invalid when they violate the Constitution. In India this power flows from Articles 13, 32, and 226.

A people's court established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, that settles disputes through compromise. Its award is final and binding, and no appeal lies against it.

A statutory body at national, state, and district levels that provides free legal aid to weaker sections and organizes Lok Adalats. In Telangana the state authority is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court.

Latin for friend of the court. A lawyer or expert appointed by the court to assist it with legal or factual analysis in a case where the parties may not fully present the issues.

The chief legal adviser to the State Government, appointed by the Governor under Article 165. The Advocate General advises on legal matters and appears for the state in court proceedings.

A legal officer appointed by the government to conduct criminal cases on behalf of the state before courts. Public prosecutors examine witnesses and present the prosecution case against the accused.

The first written record of information about a cognizable offence given to police, registered under Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, which replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure.

An offence for which police may register a case and arrest a suspect without a warrant or magistrate's permission. Examples include murder and robbery; non-cognizable offences require court permission.

The final report filed by police before a magistrate after investigation, listing the accused, the offences, and the evidence. It is filed under Section 193 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

The formal expression of a court's adjudication that conclusively determines the rights of the parties in a civil suit. It may be preliminary or final and is enforceable through execution proceedings.

A written statement of facts sworn or affirmed by a person before an authorized officer, such as a notary or magistrate. It is used as evidence in court and in government applications.

A legal officer appointed by the government with authority to authenticate documents, administer oaths, and record affidavits. Notarised copies carry presumptive validity in official and court proceedings.

The senior-most civil servant of a State Government, heading the state secretariat and coordinating all administrative departments. The Chief Secretary advises the Chief Minister on policy and administration.

The chief administrative officer of a district, responsible for revenue collection, land records, law and order coordination, and implementation of government schemes. Also called District Magistrate for magisterial functions.

An administrative unit below a district in Telangana, headed by a Tahsildar or Mandal Revenue Officer. Mandals group several villages for revenue and development administration.

A local self-government body at the village or intermediate level, constituted under the Constitution's 73rd Amendment and state panchayat laws. It handles local civic functions and development works.

A government officer whose appointment is published in the official gazette and who holds specified authority, including attesting documents and issuing certificates. Group A and B officers are generally gazetted.

The legal principle or reasoning on which a court's decision is based. This binding part of a judgment must be followed by lower courts in similar cases.

Remarks made by a judge that are not essential to the decision in the case. Such observations are persuasive but not binding on lower courts.

A previously decided case that guides or binds courts deciding later cases with similar facts. The doctrine of precedent promotes consistency and certainty in the legal system.

A fraction expressed as a part of one hundred, written with the percent symbol. To convert a fraction to a percentage, multiply by 100; to reverse, divide by 100.

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind expressed as a quotient, such as 3:4. Ratios are simplified by dividing both terms by their greatest common divisor.

An equation stating that two ratios are equal, such as a:b = c:d. In a proportion the product of the extremes equals the product of the means.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. Also called the arithmetic mean; it is used in problems involving speed, age, and score calculations.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula P × R × T / 100. It does not include interest on previously earned interest.

Interest calculated on the principal plus accumulated interest from earlier periods. The amount grows as A = P(1 + R/100)^T, making it larger than simple interest over multiple periods.

A form of deductive reasoning with two premises leading to a conclusion, such as all A are B and all B are C, therefore all A are C. Common in reasoning tests using Venn diagrams.

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between one pair of items and apply the same relationship to another pair. Relationships may be based on function, order, or category.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted into a code using a rule, and you must decode or encode new items by identifying that rule. Rules may involve letter shifts or reversals.

A reasoning problem that presents family relationships in statements or puzzles and asks how two people are related. Drawing a family tree with standard symbols simplifies the solution.

The skill of reading tables, bar charts, pie charts, or line graphs and answering questions based on them. It combines arithmetic with careful reading of labels and units.

Software such as Microsoft Excel or LibreOffice Calc used to organize data in rows and columns and perform calculations with formulas. Cells are addressed by column letters and row numbers.

An expression in a spreadsheet that begins with an equals sign and performs a calculation on cell values. Examples include =SUM(A1:A10) and =AVERAGE(B1:B5).

A word-processing feature that combines a main document with a data source to produce personalized copies, such as letters addressed to many recipients. It is available in Microsoft Word and LibreOffice Writer.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files, and programs and provides a user interface. Examples include Windows, Linux, and macOS; it is essential for running application software.

The address of a resource on the internet, such as a web page or file. It specifies the protocol, domain name, and path, for example https://example.gov.in/page.

A statutory right under the Right to Information Act, 2005, allowing citizens to request information from public authorities. Authorities must normally respond within thirty days.

A composite measure published by the United Nations Development Programme that ranks countries on life expectancy, education, and per capita income. It is used to compare development levels.

The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is a standard indicator of the size and growth of an economy.