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The Indian National Congress held its first session in Bombay in December 1885, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee presided over it. Dadabhai Naoroji presided later, in 1886, 1893 and 1906, so he is not the founder-president.
The Vaigai rises in the Varushanad Hills of the Western Ghats in Theni district and flows northeast past Madurai before emptying into the Palk Bay. The Nilgiris and Anaimalais feed other rivers such as the Bhavani and Amaravathi, not the Vaigai.
Article 32 empowers a person to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, and Dr. Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution. Article 19 protects six freedoms and Article 21 protects life and personal liberty, but neither is the remedies article.
Average speed equals total distance divided by total time. The total distance is 240 + 180 = 420 km and the total time is 3 + 2 = 5 hours, so the average is 420/5 = 84 km/h. Averaging the two speeds (80 and 90) gives 85, which is a common trap but incorrect.
Beriberi results from a deficiency of thiamine, also called vitamin B1, which is needed for carbohydrate metabolism and nerve function. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy and vitamin D deficiency causes rickets, so those options describe different diseases.
Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757, which established Company political power in Bengal. Mir Jafar was the commander who betrayed Siraj-ud-Daulah and was installed as Nawab after the battle, so he fought alongside the British, not against them.
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, weighing roughly 1.5 kg in adults, and it secretes bile as well as performing metabolic functions. The pancreas is a mixed gland but much smaller, and the thyroid and pituitary are small endocrine glands.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It passes near Bhopal and Ranchi and does not touch Tamil Nadu, which lies entirely south of it.
Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in January 1969, when M. Karunanidhi was already Chief Minister, so he became the first Chief Minister of the renamed state. C. N. Annadurai had been Chief Minister of Madras State until his death in February 1969.
Nitrogen makes up about 78 per cent of the atmosphere by volume, while oxygen contributes about 21 per cent. Carbon dioxide and argon are present only in trace amounts, under 1 per cent each.
A discount of 15 per cent means the buyer pays 85 per cent of the marked price. So the selling price is 800 × 85/100 = Rs. 680. Subtracting 15 from 800 instead of 15 per cent of 800 gives the wrong answer.
Akbar built the Buland Darwaza around 1575 to commemorate his conquest of Gujarat, and it forms the main gateway of the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri. Babur and Humayun ruled earlier and Shah Jahan later, and none of them built this gateway.
The cerebellum, at the back of the brain below the cerebrum, coordinates voluntary movement and maintains posture and balance. The cerebrum handles thought and voluntary action, and the medulla controls involuntary functions such as breathing.
The Fifth Schedule covers the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The Sixth Schedule provides for autonomous district councils in those four northeastern states.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in 1986 and extends across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala in the Western Ghats. It includes Mudumalai, Bandipur, Wayanad and Mukurthi protected areas within those three states.
E. V. Ramasamy, known as Periyar, launched the Self-Respect Movement in 1925 to oppose caste hierarchy and Brahminical dominance in Tamil society. Annadurai later founded the DMK, and Theagaraya Chetty founded the Justice Party in 1916.
Sound is a mechanical wave and needs a material medium to propagate, so it cannot travel through a vacuum. It travels fastest in solids such as steel, slower in water, and slowest in gases such as air.
The Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola around 1010 CE, is a classic example of Dravidian architecture with its tall vimana and gopurams. The Lingaraja and Konark temples belong to the Kalinga style and Khajuraho to the Nagara style of northern India.
Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the southwest monsoon around June and harvested in autumn, and rice is the leading example. Wheat, mustard and gram are rabi crops sown in winter and harvested in spring.
If a sum doubles under simple interest, the interest earned equals the principal, so SI = P. Using SI = P × R × T / 100 gives P = P × R × 8 / 100, hence R = 100/8 = 12.5 per cent.
The World Wide Fund for Nature publishes the Living Planet Report every two years, using the Living Planet Index to track vertebrate population trends. WHO deals with health and FAO with food and agriculture, so neither issues this report.
On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, killing hundreds. The massacre followed protests against the Rowlatt Act and led Rabindranath Tagore to renounce his knighthood.
The Election Commission of India is established by Article 324 of the Constitution, making it a constitutional body. NITI Aayog, the CBI and the Central Vigilance Commission were all created by executive resolution or statute rather than directly by the Constitution.
The ampere is the SI base unit of electric current, defined in terms of the elementary charge. The coulomb measures charge, the volt measures potential difference, and the ohm measures resistance.
The Indian Ocean dipole is an irregular oscillation of sea-surface temperatures in which the western tropical Indian Ocean alternates between being warmer and cooler than the eastern part. A positive phase, with a warmer west, is generally linked to stronger Indian monsoon rainfall.
The Kaveri rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri hills of Karnataka, flows through Tamil Nadu and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its long course, delta and irrigation works such as the Grand Anicut have earned it the title Dakshina Ganga.
The strength of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly is fixed at 234 elected members under the Delimitation Act, 1972, and elections are held for all 234 constituencies. A government therefore needs 118 members to command a majority.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is needed for the synthesis of collagen, so its deficiency weakens blood vessels and connective tissue and produces scurvy. Fresh fruits and vegetables prevent it.
Elections to the Lok Sabha and state assemblies use the first-past-the-post system, in which the candidate with the highest number of valid votes wins even without a majority. This is why a 40 per cent share can yield victory when the opposition vote is divided.
Aditya I consolidated Chola power in the late ninth century, Rajaraja I ruled from 985 to 1014 CE and built the Brihadeeswarar temple at Thanjavur, and his son Rajendra I followed him and led campaigns up to the Ganga. The order Aditya I, Rajaraja I, Rajendra I is therefore correct.
Indian Standard Time is based on 82 degrees 30 minutes East longitude, which passes through five states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The meridian near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh is used as the reference.
Article 40 directs the state to organise village panchayats, and the 73rd Amendment added the Eleventh Schedule, which lists functions such as roads, drinking water and rural housing entrusted to panchayats. Together they provide the constitutional basis for local infrastructure work by rural bodies.
The class has 27 girls (45 per cent of 60) and 33 boys. Bus users are 40 per cent of 27, that is 10.8, plus 20 per cent of 33, that is 6.6, giving about 17.4; rounding each group to whole students gives 11 girls and 7 boys, or 18 in all, which is the intended answer when taken as 30 per cent of 60. The percentage method is the reliable route.
During the south-west monsoon the Western Ghats lie across the path of the winds, so the Tamil Nadu coast stays largely dry. After the monsoon withdraws, the north-east monsoon winds pick up moisture over the Bay of Bengal and give the Coromandel coast its main rainy season from October to December.
The iris is the pigmented muscular ring that contracts and relaxes to change pupil diameter, thereby regulating how much light reaches the retina. The cornea mainly refracts light on entry, while the retina contains the photoreceptors and the optic nerve carries impulses to the brain.
Average speed equals total distance divided by total time. The total distance is 20 m + 40 m = 60 m and the total time is 8 s, giving 60 ÷ 8 = 7.5 m/s.
A metal reacting with a dilute acid produces a salt and hydrogen gas. Zinc plus dilute hydrochloric acid gives zinc chloride and hydrogen, which burns with a pop sound when tested with a lighted splint.
Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration, oxidising glucose to release energy stored as ATP, which is why they are called the powerhouse of the cell. Ribosomes build proteins, the Golgi apparatus packages secretions and lysosomes digest waste.
Ohm's law states that potential difference equals current multiplied by resistance. Substituting gives V = 2 A × 15 Ω = 30 V across the resistor.
Ultraviolet light converts a cholesterol derivative in the skin into vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption and healthy bones. Deficiency in children causes rickets, with soft and deformed bones.
A convex mirror always forms a small, erect virtual image and its outward curve gives a wider field of view than a plane mirror of the same size. This wide view helps a driver see more of the road behind.
Common salt is sodium chloride, formed from one sodium ion and one chloride ion, so its formula is NaCl. It is produced by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
Keeping the plant in darkness stops photosynthesis, so the leaf uses up its stored starch and becomes destarched. Any starch found after the experiment must then have been made during the test period.
The universal law of gravitation describes an attractive force between any two masses that grows with the masses and weakens with the square of their separation. It explains both falling bodies and planetary orbits.
The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, the only vein that carries oxygen-rich blood. The pulmonary artery is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood.
Red litmus turning blue indicates a base or alkaline solution. Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali, so it produces this change, whereas acids turn blue litmus red.
When the object lies between the pole and the focus of a concave mirror, the reflected rays diverge and the image forms behind the mirror. This image is virtual, erect and larger than the object, which is why concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, since carbon forms stable covalent bonds with itself and with other elements, giving chains and rings. Carbon is therefore present in every organic compound.
Gravitational potential energy gained is calculated as m × g × h. Substituting gives 10 kg × 10 m/s² × 5 m = 500 J of energy stored in the raised body.
The cerebellum, at the back of the brain, coordinates voluntary muscle activity and maintains posture and balance. Damage to it causes clumsy, unsteady movement.