TNTET Paper 1 cheat sheet

Piaget: sensorimotor (0–2) object permanence; preoperational (2–7) egocentrism/symbolic play; concrete operational (7–11) conservation/classification; formal operational (11+) abstract reasoning.

Vygotsky: ZPD is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary, fading support; social speech becomes inner speech.

Kohlberg: preconventional = obedience/punishment and self-interest; conventional = approval and law/order; postconventional = social contract and universal ethical principles.

Erikson early stages: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame/doubt (1–3), initiative vs guilt (3–6), industry vs inferiority (6–12).

Learning disability vs slow learner: specific LD = average/above IQ with a targeted deficit; slow learner = global lower cognitive and adaptive functioning across areas.

Inclusive education: zero rejection, least restrictive environment, differentiated instruction, reasonable accommodations; curriculum is adapted, not lowered in expectation.

Assessment: formative = ongoing feedback and adjustment; summative = end-of-unit judgment; CCE combines scholastic and co-scholastic evidence.

Child-centred pedagogy: constructivism, prior knowledge, inquiry, cooperative learning, and teacher as facilitator; rote-only transmission is not child-centred.

உயிர் 12; மெய் 18; உயிர்மெய் 216; ஆய்தம் 1; தமிழ் எழுத்துகள் மொத்தம் 247.

வல்லினம் 6: க், ச், ட், த், ப், ற்; மெல்லினம் 6: ங், ஞ், ண், ந், ம், ன்; இடையினம் 6: ய், ர், ல், வ், ழ், ள்.

வேற்றுமை 8: முதல் வேற்றுமைக்கு உருபு இல்லை; எட்டாம் வேற்றுமை விளி; ஏனையவை உருபுகளால் உறவைக் காட்டும்.

காலம் 3: இறந்தகாலம், நிகழ்காலம், எதிர்காலம்; வினைமுற்று காலத்தைக் காட்டும்; வினையெச்சம்/தொழிற்பெயர் காலத்தைத் தனித்துக் காட்டாது.

தொல்காப்பியம் மூன்று அதிகாரங்கள்: எழுத்ததிகாரம், சொல்லதிகாரம், பொருளதிகாரம்.

யாப்பு உறுப்புகள்: எழுத்து, அசை, சீர், தளை, அடி, தொடை.

மொழித் திறன் நான்கு: கேட்டல், பேசுதல், படித்தல், எழுதல்; கேட்டல்/படித்தல் உள்வாங்கும் திறன்; பேசுதல்/எழுதல் வெளிப்படுத்தும் திறன்.

மதிப்பீடு: தொடர் மதிப்பீடு கற்றலின் இடையே பின்னூட்டத்திற்கு; இறுதி மதிப்பீடு பாடத்தின் முடிவில் சாதனைக்கு.

Four skills: listening and reading are receptive; speaking and writing are productive; integrate them in meaningful contexts rather than teaching in isolation.

Phonics: phoneme–grapheme correspondence; digraphs (sh, ch), blends (st, tr), and sight words support early decoding and fluency.

CLT: meaning-focused interaction, authentic tasks, pair/group work, fluency alongside accuracy; grammar is used for communication, not only memorized rules.

TBLT cycle: pre-task introduction, task performance with planning/reporting, then language focus on forms noticed during the task.

Reading: skimming for gist; scanning for specific information; intensive reading for detail; extensive reading for fluency and pleasure.

Grammar decision rule: a finite verb carries tense and agrees with subject; non-finite forms (infinitive, gerund, participle) do not carry tense.

Error correction: delay correction during fluency work; correct selectively and explicitly during accuracy work; use prompts and reformulation to avoid fossilization.

Assessment: use formative checks, rubrics, portfolio, and performance tasks; discrete-point tests check forms, integrative tasks check real communication.

Place value: each digit's value = digit × place value; Indian system groups 3 then 2 (lakh, crore); international groups in 3s (million, billion).

Fractions: a/b + c/d needs common denominator; a/b × c/d = ac/bd; a/b ÷ c/d = a/b × d/c; simplify using HCF.

Perimeter/area: rectangle P=2(l+b), A=l×b; square P=4s, A=s²; triangle A=½bh; parallelogram A=bh; circle C=2πr, A=πr².

Volume/surface area: cuboid V=l×b×h, TSA=2(lb+bh+hl); cube V=s³, TSA=6s²; cylinder V=πr²h.

Percentage/profit/loss: percentage = part/whole×100; profit% = (SP−CP)/CP×100; loss% = (CP−SP)/CP×100.

Average = sum of values ÷ number of values; simple interest I=PRT/100; speed = distance/time.

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum divisible by 3; by 9 if digit sum divisible by 9; by 4 if last two digits divisible by 4; by 11 if alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or multiple of 11.

Pedagogy: CRA sequence (concrete→representational→abstract); Van Hiele levels for geometry; Polya's four steps; analyse errors to reteach misconceptions.

Food chain/web: producers → primary consumers → secondary consumers → decomposers; arrows show direction of energy flow; only about 10% energy transfers to next level.

Water cycle: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; solar energy drives evaporation and gravity drives runoff.

Photosynthesis: chlorophyll traps sunlight; CO2 + water → glucose + oxygen; occurs mainly in leaves; respiration releases energy from glucose.

Human systems: digestive absorbs nutrients; respiratory exchanges O2/CO2 in alveoli; circulatory transports materials; kidneys filter wastes.

Pollution/3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle; biodegradable vs non-biodegradable; renewable (sun, wind, water) vs non-renewable (coal, petroleum).

Tamil Nadu geography: Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats; Cauvery river; northeast monsoon (Oct–Dec) brings most rain; southwest monsoon shadow.

EVS pedagogy: integrated science-social-local context; observation, questioning, field visit, project, discussion; avoid isolated textbook memorization.

First aid rule: ensure safety, check response/breathing, call help, control bleeding with pressure, do not move suspected spinal injury unless danger.