TS DEECET cheat sheet

Indian Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly adopted it on 26 November 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day).

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) is called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

National symbols: tiger (national animal), peacock (national bird), lotus (national flower), banyan (national tree), Ganga (national river), Mango (national fruit).

Indian Space Research Organisation is headquartered at Bengaluru; its launch vehicles include PSLV, GSLV and LVM3, and Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023.

Telangana was formed on 2 June 2014 as the 29th state; its capital is Hyderabad, and the state animal is the spotted deer (chausingha) while the state bird is the Indian roller (pala pitta).

Current-affairs anchors to track: Union Budget presented on 1 February, Republic Day (26 January), Independence Day (15 August), and the Nobel Prizes announced each October.

United Nations was founded in 1945 with headquarters in New York; its principal organs include the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice at The Hague.

Ramsar sites are wetlands of international importance; India has over 80, and examples include Chilika Lake, Keoladeo Ghana, and Loktak Lake.

Quadratic formula: for ax² + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0), x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a; the discriminant D = b² − 4ac decides real (D ≥ 0) versus complex roots.

Sum and product of roots: α + β = −b/a and αβ = c/a; a quadratic with given roots is x² − (α + β)x + αβ = 0.

Arithmetic progression: nth term aₙ = a + (n − 1)d and sum Sₙ = (n/2)[2a + (n − 1)d]; geometric progression: aₙ = arⁿ⁻¹ and Sₙ = a(rⁿ − 1)/(r − 1) for r ≠ 1.

Trigonometric identities: sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ; standard values at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° should be memorised.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h, cone = (1/3)πr²h, sphere = (4/3)πr³, and curved surface of a cone = πrl.

Probability of an event E is P(E) = favourable outcomes / total equally likely outcomes, with 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1 and P(not E) = 1 − P(E).

Distance between points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂) is √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]; midpoint is ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2); slope m = (y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁).

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = sum of squares of the other two sides; common triples are 3-4-5, 5-12-13 and 8-15-17.

Newton's laws: an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a net force (F = ma); every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Ohm's law: V = IR; electrical power P = VI = I²R = V²/R, and resistors in series add (R = R₁ + R₂) while parallel follows 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

pH scale runs 0–14: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts with chlorophyll capturing light; oxygen is released as a by-product.

Human blood groups follow the ABO and Rh systems; O-negative is the universal donor for red cells and AB-positive the universal recipient.

Cell organelles: mitochondria are the powerhouse (ATP production), ribosomes synthesise protein, and the nucleus contains genetic material (DNA).

Human digestive order: mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine; bile from the liver emulsifies fats and is stored in the gall bladder.

Periodic table groups: alkali metals in Group 1, halogens in Group 17, noble gases in Group 18; atomic number equals the number of protons.

Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 (A. O. Hume); the Indian National Movement milestones include the Partition of Bengal (1905), Jallianwala Bagh (1919), Dandi March (1930) and Quit India (1942).

Indian geography: the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight states; the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats flank the Deccan Plateau, and the Godavari is the longest peninsular river.

Monsoon mechanism: the south-west monsoon (June–September) brings most of India's rainfall; the retreating north-east monsoon (October–December) supplies Tamil Nadu.

Indian Parliament has two houses: Rajya Sabha (Council of States, permanent house) and Lok Sabha (House of the People, directly elected); the President is the constitutional head.

Fundamental Duties are listed in Article 51A (Part IVA), added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Economics basics: GDP measures the market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a year; inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level.

Types of unemployment include frictional, structural, cyclical and seasonal; disguised unemployment is common in Indian agriculture.

Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV, Articles 36–51) are non-justiciable guidelines for governance, inspired by the Irish Constitution.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between subject and verb do not change number ("The box of pens is heavy").

Articles: use "a" before consonant sounds, "an" before vowel sounds, and "the" for specific or previously mentioned nouns and unique items.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to the present; past perfect (had + past participle) marks the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, and the doer follows "by" ("She wrote the letter" → "The letter was written by her").

Prepositions of time: "in" for months, years and long periods; "on" for days and dates; "at" for exact times and festivals.

Commonly confused pairs: affect (verb) / effect (noun); principal (head, main) / principle (rule); its (possessive) / it's (it is).

Reported speech shifts tense back one step and changes pronouns and time words (now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).

Direct synonyms and antonyms are tested: choose the word closest in meaning to the stem, and the exact opposite for antonyms, checking part of speech first.

తెలుగు అక్షరమాలలో 16 అచ్చులు (అ నుండి ఔ), 3 యోగవాహకాలు (ం, ః, ఁ) మరియు 36 హల్లులు ఉన్నాయి.

గుణింతాలు: హల్లుకు అచ్చు చేరినప్పుడు ఏర్పడే రూపాలు - క, కా, కి, కీ, కు, కూ, కె, కే, కై, కొ, కో, కౌ.

సంధులు: అచ్చు + అచ్చు కలిసేది సవర్ణదీర్ఘ సంధి; ఉదాహరణ రామ + ఆలయం = రామాలయం.

సమాసాలు: తత్పురుష, కర్మధారయ, ద్వంద్వ, ద్విగు, బహువ్రీహి - ఉదా. నల్లకలువ కర్మధారయ సమాసం.

ఛందస్సు: తెలుగు పద్యాలలో ఆటవెలది, తేటగీతి, కందం, శార్దూలం, మత్తేభం ప్రధాన వృత్తాలు; కందపద్యంలో నల్లగణాలు నియమిత స్థానాల్లో వస్తాయి.

అలంకారాలు: ఉపమాలంకారంలో ఉపమేయానికి ఉపమానంతో పోలిక ఉంటుంది; రూపకంలో ఉపమేయ, ఉపమానాలు అభేదంగా చెప్పబడతాయి.

ప్రసిద్ధ తెలుగు రచనలు: నన్నయ మహాభారతం ఆదిపర్వం, శ్రీనాథుడు శృంగార నైషధం, గురజాడ కన్యాశుల్కం, విశ్వనాథ రామాయణ కల్పవృక్షం.

క్రియలు: అసమాపక క్రియ (వాక్యాన్ని ముగించదు, ఉదా. వచ్చి) మరియు సమాపక క్రియ (వాక్యాన్ని ముగిస్తుంది, ఉదా. వచ్చాడు).