TGPSC Group III cheat sheet

Fundamental Rights run from Article 12 to 35; the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) was called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Art. 36-51) are non-justiciable; Article 37 declares them fundamental in governance though not enforceable in courts.

Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks against government securities; a rise in repo rate typically contracts credit and dampens inflation.

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure − Total receipts excluding borrowings; it is expressed as a percentage of GDP in the Union Budget.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts using chlorophyll; oxygen is released from water photolysis.

Biodiversity hotspots in India: the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands) - four recognised hotspots.

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) passes through eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram and Gujarat.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is chaired by the Prime Minister; the Disaster Management Act was enacted in 2005.

The Telangana Praja Samithi was founded in 1969 during the first separate-statehood agitation; the 1969 movement is often dated to the police action at Osmania University in January 1969.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) merged Telangana with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh, with safeguards on education, employment and revenue surplus.

Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was founded in 2001 by K. Chandrashekar Rao; the party was renamed Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) in 2022.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, passed by Parliament, created Telangana as the 29th state with effect from 2 June 2014.

Section 8 of the Reorganisation Act provided for a common Governor for both successor states for a transitional period; Hyderabad remained the common capital for up to ten years.

Telangana's per capita income and own tax revenue rose sharply after 2014; the state's GSDP is among the fastest-growing in India, driven by IT, pharma and irrigation investment.

Mission Kakatiya (2014) restores minor irrigation tanks; Mission Bhagiratha provides piped drinking water to rural households; both are flagship state welfare programmes.

The Telangana Thalli statue and Bathukamma festival are promoted as state cultural symbols; Sammakka-Saralakka Jatara is a major tribal festival held at Medaram in Mulugu district.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay; the first session was presided over by W. C. Bonnerjee.

The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and a federal structure; it served as a major source for the Indian Constitution.

The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946; the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Kakatiya dynasty (12th-14th century) ruled from Warangal; the Ramappa Temple at Palampet and the Thousand Pillar Temple are Kakatiya-era monuments.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled Golconda from 1518 to 1687; Charminar was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591.

Article 370 granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir; it was effectively abrogated in August 2019 by presidential order and parliamentary resolution.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies respectively.

Scheduled Tribes are notified under Article 342; in Telangana, major notified tribes include Gond, Koya, Lambada (Banjara) and Chenchu.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; the First Five Year Plan (1951-56) focused on agriculture and irrigation.

GST was implemented on 1 July 2017; it subsumed central excise, service tax, VAT and other indirect taxes into CGST, SGST and IGST.

Priority Sector Lending target for scheduled commercial banks is 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit; agriculture sub-target is 18%.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) guarantees 100 days of unskilled wage employment per rural household per year.

Telangana's industrial policy offers incentives under TS-iPASS, a single-window clearance system with statutory time limits for approvals.

The Krishna and Godavari rivers are the major water sources for Telangana; the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project on the Godavari is among the largest lift irrigation schemes.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi provides ₹6,000 per year to eligible farmer families in three equal instalments.

Inflation is measured in India by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI); the RBI's flexible inflation target is 4% CPI with a band of ±2%.

DNA replication is semi-conservative; each new double helix contains one parental and one newly synthesised strand.

The greenhouse effect is driven mainly by CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour; CO2 has the largest cumulative contribution from fossil fuels.

The Montreal Protocol (1987) phases out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs and HCFCs under the Kigali Amendment timeline.

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery; the NDMA issues guidelines for each hazard type.

Universal Immunisation Programme in India covers vaccines against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles and others.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale.

Cybercrime under the Information Technology Act, 2000 includes identity theft (Sec. 66C) and cheating by personation (Sec. 66D).

Biodiversity loss drivers include habitat fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, overexploitation and climate change (the 'evil quartet').

Active to passive: object becomes subject; verb becomes 'be + past participle'; agent introduced by 'by' (e.g., 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past; pronouns change per reporting subject; 'today' becomes 'that day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day'.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular countable nouns (use 'an' before vowel sounds); 'the' for definite or unique references.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; collective nouns take singular verb when acting as a unit.

Telugu: తెలంగాణ (Telangana) is the state name; the Telugu script is derived from the Brahmi script through the Kadamba and Chalukya lineages.

Urdu: the language uses the Perso-Arabic script written right to left; it shares the Indic grammatical base with Hindi but draws vocabulary from Persian and Arabic.

Idioms: 'to bite the bullet' = to endure a difficult situation bravely; 'a stitch in time saves nine' = timely action prevents bigger problems.

Synonyms/antonyms: 'benevolent' (kind) ↔ 'malevolent' (harmful); 'frugal' (thrifty) ↔ 'extravagant'.

Fundamental Rights run from Article 12 to 35; the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) was called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Art. 36-51) are non-justiciable; Article 37 declares them fundamental in governance though not enforceable in courts.

Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks against government securities; a rise in repo rate typically contracts credit and dampens inflation.

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure − Total receipts excluding borrowings; it is expressed as a percentage of GDP in the Union Budget.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts using chlorophyll; oxygen is released from water photolysis.

Biodiversity hotspots in India: the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands) - four recognised hotspots.

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) passes through eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram and Gujarat.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is chaired by the Prime Minister; the Disaster Management Act was enacted in 2005.

The Telangana Praja Samithi was founded in 1969 during the first separate-statehood agitation; the 1969 movement is often dated to the police action at Osmania University in January 1969.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) merged Telangana with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh, with safeguards on education, employment and revenue surplus.

Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was founded in 2001 by K. Chandrashekar Rao; the party was renamed Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) in 2022.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, passed by Parliament, created Telangana as the 29th state with effect from 2 June 2014.

Section 8 of the Reorganisation Act provided for a common Governor for both successor states for a transitional period; Hyderabad remained the common capital for up to ten years.

Telangana's per capita income and own tax revenue rose sharply after 2014; the state's GSDP is among the fastest-growing in India, driven by IT, pharma and irrigation investment.

Mission Kakatiya (2014) restores minor irrigation tanks; Mission Bhagiratha provides piped drinking water to rural households; both are flagship state welfare programmes.

The Telangana Thalli statue and Bathukamma festival are promoted as state cultural symbols; Sammakka-Saralakka Jatara is a major tribal festival held at Medaram in Mulugu district.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay; the first session was presided over by W. C. Bonnerjee.

The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and a federal structure; it served as a major source for the Indian Constitution.

The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946; the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Kakatiya dynasty (12th-14th century) ruled from Warangal; the Ramappa Temple at Palampet and the Thousand Pillar Temple are Kakatiya-era monuments.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled Golconda from 1518 to 1687; Charminar was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591.

Article 370 granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir; it was effectively abrogated in August 2019 by presidential order and parliamentary resolution.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies respectively.

Scheduled Tribes are notified under Article 342; in Telangana, major notified tribes include Gond, Koya, Lambada (Banjara) and Chenchu.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; the First Five Year Plan (1951-56) focused on agriculture and irrigation.

GST was implemented on 1 July 2017; it subsumed central excise, service tax, VAT and other indirect taxes into CGST, SGST and IGST.

Priority Sector Lending target for scheduled commercial banks is 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit; agriculture sub-target is 18%.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) guarantees 100 days of unskilled wage employment per rural household per year.

Telangana's industrial policy offers incentives under TS-iPASS, a single-window clearance system with statutory time limits for approvals.

The Krishna and Godavari rivers are the major water sources for Telangana; the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project on the Godavari is among the largest lift irrigation schemes.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi provides ₹6,000 per year to eligible farmer families in three equal instalments.

Inflation is measured in India by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI); the RBI's flexible inflation target is 4% CPI with a band of ±2%.

DNA replication is semi-conservative; each new double helix contains one parental and one newly synthesised strand.

The greenhouse effect is driven mainly by CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour; CO2 has the largest cumulative contribution from fossil fuels.

The Montreal Protocol (1987) phases out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs and HCFCs under the Kigali Amendment timeline.

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery; the NDMA issues guidelines for each hazard type.

Universal Immunisation Programme in India covers vaccines against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles and others.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale.

Cybercrime under the Information Technology Act, 2000 includes identity theft (Sec. 66C) and cheating by personation (Sec. 66D).

Biodiversity loss drivers include habitat fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, overexploitation and climate change (the 'evil quartet').

Active to passive: object becomes subject; verb becomes 'be + past participle'; agent introduced by 'by' (e.g., 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past; pronouns change per reporting subject; 'today' becomes 'that day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day'.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular countable nouns (use 'an' before vowel sounds); 'the' for definite or unique references.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; collective nouns take singular verb when acting as a unit.

Telugu: తెలంగాణ (Telangana) is the state name; the Telugu script is derived from the Brahmi script through the Kadamba and Chalukya lineages.

Urdu: the language uses the Perso-Arabic script written right to left; it shares the Indic grammatical base with Hindi but draws vocabulary from Persian and Arabic.

Idioms: 'to bite the bullet' = to endure a difficult situation bravely; 'a stitch in time saves nine' = timely action prevents bigger problems.

Synonyms/antonyms: 'benevolent' (kind) ↔ 'malevolent' (harmful); 'frugal' (thrifty) ↔ 'extravagant'.

Fundamental Rights run from Article 12 to 35; the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art. 32) was called the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Art. 36-51) are non-justiciable; Article 37 declares them fundamental in governance though not enforceable in courts.

Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks against government securities; a rise in repo rate typically contracts credit and dampens inflation.

Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure − Total receipts excluding borrowings; it is expressed as a percentage of GDP in the Union Budget.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2, occurring in chloroplasts using chlorophyll; oxygen is released from water photolysis.

Biodiversity hotspots in India: the Western Ghats, the Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland (Nicobar Islands) - four recognised hotspots.

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) passes through eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram and Gujarat.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is chaired by the Prime Minister; the Disaster Management Act was enacted in 2005.

The Telangana Praja Samithi was founded in 1969 during the first separate-statehood agitation; the 1969 movement is often dated to the police action at Osmania University in January 1969.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) merged Telangana with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh, with safeguards on education, employment and revenue surplus.

Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was founded in 2001 by K. Chandrashekar Rao; the party was renamed Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) in 2022.

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, passed by Parliament, created Telangana as the 29th state with effect from 2 June 2014.

Section 8 of the Reorganisation Act provided for a common Governor for both successor states for a transitional period; Hyderabad remained the common capital for up to ten years.

Telangana's per capita income and own tax revenue rose sharply after 2014; the state's GSDP is among the fastest-growing in India, driven by IT, pharma and irrigation investment.

Mission Kakatiya (2014) restores minor irrigation tanks; Mission Bhagiratha provides piped drinking water to rural households; both are flagship state welfare programmes.

The Telangana Thalli statue and Bathukamma festival are promoted as state cultural symbols; Sammakka-Saralakka Jatara is a major tribal festival held at Medaram in Mulugu district.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay; the first session was presided over by W. C. Bonnerjee.

The Government of India Act, 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and a federal structure; it served as a major source for the Indian Constitution.

The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946; the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Kakatiya dynasty (12th-14th century) ruled from Warangal; the Ramappa Temple at Palampet and the Thousand Pillar Temple are Kakatiya-era monuments.

The Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled Golconda from 1518 to 1687; Charminar was built by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591.

Article 370 granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir; it was effectively abrogated in August 2019 by presidential order and parliamentary resolution.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies respectively.

Scheduled Tribes are notified under Article 342; in Telangana, major notified tribes include Gond, Koya, Lambada (Banjara) and Chenchu.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; the First Five Year Plan (1951-56) focused on agriculture and irrigation.

GST was implemented on 1 July 2017; it subsumed central excise, service tax, VAT and other indirect taxes into CGST, SGST and IGST.

Priority Sector Lending target for scheduled commercial banks is 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit; agriculture sub-target is 18%.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) guarantees 100 days of unskilled wage employment per rural household per year.

Telangana's industrial policy offers incentives under TS-iPASS, a single-window clearance system with statutory time limits for approvals.

The Krishna and Godavari rivers are the major water sources for Telangana; the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project on the Godavari is among the largest lift irrigation schemes.

Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi provides ₹6,000 per year to eligible farmer families in three equal instalments.

Inflation is measured in India by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI); the RBI's flexible inflation target is 4% CPI with a band of ±2%.

DNA replication is semi-conservative; each new double helix contains one parental and one newly synthesised strand.

The greenhouse effect is driven mainly by CO2, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour; CO2 has the largest cumulative contribution from fossil fuels.

The Montreal Protocol (1987) phases out ozone-depleting substances such as CFCs and HCFCs under the Kigali Amendment timeline.

Disaster management cycle phases: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery; the NDMA issues guidelines for each hazard type.

Universal Immunisation Programme in India covers vaccines against tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles and others.

Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (logarithmic); intensity is measured by the Modified Mercalli scale.

Cybercrime under the Information Technology Act, 2000 includes identity theft (Sec. 66C) and cheating by personation (Sec. 66D).

Biodiversity loss drivers include habitat fragmentation, invasive species, pollution, overexploitation and climate change (the 'evil quartet').

Active to passive: object becomes subject; verb becomes 'be + past participle'; agent introduced by 'by' (e.g., 'She wrote a letter' → 'A letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past; pronouns change per reporting subject; 'today' becomes 'that day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day'.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite singular countable nouns (use 'an' before vowel sounds); 'the' for definite or unique references.

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; collective nouns take singular verb when acting as a unit.

Telugu: తెలంగాణ (Telangana) is the state name; the Telugu script is derived from the Brahmi script through the Kadamba and Chalukya lineages.

Urdu: the language uses the Perso-Arabic script written right to left; it shares the Indic grammatical base with Hindi but draws vocabulary from Persian and Arabic.

Idioms: 'to bite the bullet' = to endure a difficult situation bravely; 'a stitch in time saves nine' = timely action prevents bigger problems.

Synonyms/antonyms: 'benevolent' (kind) ↔ 'malevolent' (harmful); 'frugal' (thrifty) ↔ 'extravagant'.