TSPSC Veterinary Surgeon cheat sheet

Ruminant stomach order (cranial to caudal): rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum; the abomasum is the only glandular compartment and is homologous to the simple stomach.

Rumen papillae are largest in the ventral sac and dorsal blind sac; the reticulum bears the honeycomb-like cristae reticuli, and the omasum bears omasal laminae (many leaves).

Dental formula of the adult ox: I0/4 C0/0 P3/3 M3/3 = 32; sheep I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3 = 32; dog I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 = 42; cat I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1 = 30.

Species kidney type: ox and pig = multipapillary/multilobular; sheep, goat, dog, cat = unipapillary; horse right kidney is heart-shaped and the left is bean-shaped; ox kidney is lobated externally.

Epithelium selection rule: simple squamous = alveoli/endothelium; simple cuboidal = renal tubules; simple columnar = intestine; stratified squamous keratinized = skin; transitional = urinary bladder.

Bone types: long (humerus, femur), short (carpals, tarsals), flat (scapula, skull bones), irregular (vertebrae), sesamoid (patella, proximal sesamoids); pneumatic bones contain air spaces (maxilla, frontal, humerus in birds).

Placental classification: ruminants and pig = cotyledonary/epitheliochorial (adventitial); dog and cat = zonary/endotheliochorial; horse and pig = diffuse; rodent and primate = discoid/haemochorial.

Avian anatomy: no diaphragm, air sacs (9 in chicken), syrinx at the tracheal bifurcation, heterocoelous cervical vertebrae, and the ventriculus (gizzard) has a koilin lining.

Normal rectal temperature: cattle 38.0-39.3 C, sheep/goat 38.5-40.0 C, pig 38.5-39.5 C, dog 38.0-39.0 C, cat 38.0-39.2 C, horse 37.5-38.5 C, chicken 40.5-42.0 C.

Heart rate (beats/min): cattle 60-70, sheep 70-90, pig 60-90, dog 70-120, cat 110-140, horse 28-44, chicken 250-300.

Rumination cycle: regurgitation, remastication, reinsalivation, redeglutition; rumen pH 6.2-6.8 on a high-forage diet, and rumen protozoa plus bacteria provide volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate).

Respiratory quotient: carbohydrate 1.0, protein ~0.8, fat ~0.7; energy value of 1 g fat = 9.4 kcal, protein = 5.7 kcal, carbohydrate = 4.1 kcal.

Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log([HCO3-]/[H2CO3]); normal blood pH 7.35-7.45; plasma bicarbonate in cattle ~24 mEq/L; anion gap = (Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-).

Hormone actions: PTH raises serum Ca2+ (bone resorption, renal reabsorption, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol activation); calcitonin lowers Ca2+; insulin lowers glucose; glucagon and cortisol raise glucose.

Cardiac cycle timing: first heart sound = AV valve closure at start of systole; second sound = semilunar valve closure at start of diastole; SA node is the pacemaker; normal PR interval in dog 0.06-0.13 s.

Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten v = Vmax[S]/(Km + [S]); Km is the substrate concentration at half Vmax and is inversely related to enzyme affinity.

Gram reaction rule: Gram-positive retain crystal violet due to thick peptidoglycan; Gram-negative decolorize and take safranin; spirochetes are best seen by dark-field or silver stain.

Bacterial growth phases: lag, log (exponential), stationary, decline; generation time for E. coli ~20 min under optimal conditions; obligate anaerobes lack superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Sterilization parameters: autoclave 121 C at 15 psi for 15-20 min; dry heat 160-170 C for 1-2 h; hot air oven for glassware; 0.22 micrometre filter for heat-labile fluids; 70% ethanol is bactericidal.

Antibiotic targets: beta-lactams inhibit cell wall transpeptidation; aminoglycosides bind 30S; macrolides and chloramphenicol bind 50S; fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase; rifampicin inhibits RNA polymerase; sulphonamides block folate synthesis.

Immunoglobulin facts: IgM is the first antibody in primary response and is a pentamer; IgG is the major serum immunoglobulin and crosses the placenta in primates but not in ruminants or pigs (colostral transfer); IgA is secretory; IgE mediates type I hypersensitivity.

Hypersensitivity types: I = IgE/mast cell (anaphylaxis); II = antibody-mediated cytotoxic; III = immune complex (Arthus, glomerulonephritis); IV = delayed, T-cell mediated (tuberculin test).

Vaccine types: live attenuated (BCG, rinderpest tissue culture), killed (FMD, rabies), toxoid (tetanus, blackleg), subunit/recombinant, and marker/DIVA vaccines; live vaccines generally give stronger cell-mediated immunity.

Notifiable agents: Bacillus anthracis forms spores in soil; Mycobacterium bovis is acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen); Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin; Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular Gram-negative coccobacillus.

Cell injury sequence: reversible swelling (hydropic degeneration) then irreversible injury with mitochondrial damage, membrane disruption, and nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis).

Necrosis types: coagulative (infarct, protein denaturation dominant), caseous (tuberculosis), liquefactive (abscess, brain), fat necrosis (pancreas, mesentery), fibrinoid (vessel walls, immune-mediated).

Apoptosis vs necrosis: apoptosis is energy-dependent, single-cell, no inflammation, chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies; necrosis is passive, grouped cells, inflammation.

Inflammation: acute response = vasodilation, increased permeability, neutrophil emigration; chronic = lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibrosis; granuloma = epithelioid macrophages plus giant cells.

Tumour criteria: benign tumours are encapsulated, well differentiated, non-metastatic; malignancy shows anaplasia, invasion, metastasis, high mitotic index; carcinoma arises from epithelium, sarcoma from mesenchyme.

Species tumour predilections: canine transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) on genitalia; feline leukaemia virus causes lymphoma; bovine papillomavirus causes bladder and skin papillomas; Marek's disease causes T-cell lymphoma in poultry.

Pigmentations: melanosis (melanin), haemosiderosis (iron), lipofuscin (wear-and-tear), bilirubin (icterus), and anthracosis (carbon in lung); fatty change (steatosis) affects liver and kidney.

Lesion terminology: hyperaemia (active congestion), congestion (passive), haemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, oedema, and shock; DIC shows widespread microthrombi with consumption of platelets and clotting factors.

Pharmacokinetic formulas: volume of distribution Vd = dose/C0; clearance Cl = dose/AUC; half-life t1/2 = 0.693 x Vd/Cl; steady state reached after ~4-5 half-lives.

Drug antagonism: competitive antagonism is surmountable and shifts the dose-response curve right without lowering Emax; non-competitive antagonism lowers Emax.

Xylazine (alpha-2 agonist) is reversed by yohimbine or atipamezole; opioid effects are reversed by naloxone; organophosphate poisoning is treated with atropine plus pralidoxime (2-PAM).

Antibiotic rules: aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic and ototoxic; chloramphenicol causes aplastic anaemia in humans and is banned in food animals; tetracyclines chelate calcium and stain teeth; enrofloxacin is contraindicated in growing animals (cartilage damage).

NSAID mechanism: inhibition of cyclooxygenase; COX-1 is constitutive (gastric protection, renal flow), COX-2 is induced at inflammation; paracetamol is hepatotoxic to cats (deficient glucuronidation).

Anthelmintic classes: benzimidazoles bind tubulin; levamisole is a nicotinic agonist; ivermectin opens glutamate-gated chloride channels (GABA); praziquantel increases calcium permeability in cestodes.

Toxic plants and agents: lantana (hepatotoxicity, photosensitization), bracken fern (thiaminase, bladder tumours), nitrate/nitrite (methaemoglobinaemia), urea (ammonia toxicity), lead (basophilic stippling), and aflatoxin B1 (hepatocarcinogen).

Withdrawal periods and residue rules: milk and meat withdrawal must be observed for every drug; drugs not approved for food animals (e.g., chloramphenicol, nitrofurans, clenbuterol) are prohibited; MRL is the maximum residue limit.

Rumen fluid interpretation: pH <5.5 suggests acidosis; protozoal motility reduced in rumen acidosis; methylene blue reduction time >3 min indicates inactive flora.

Diabetic ketoacidosis criteria: hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, ketonuria, metabolic acidosis with low bicarbonate and increased anion gap; treat with fluid, insulin, and potassium supplementation.

Ketosis in cattle: hypoglycaemia, ketonaemia, ketonuria, low milk yield; Rothera's test and urine ketone strips are diagnostic; treat with glucose or propylene glycol.

Anaemia classification: regenerative (reticulocytosis, anisocytosis, polychromasia) vs non-regenerative; PCV normal in cattle ~24-46%, dog ~37-55%, cat ~30-45%.

Milk fever (parturient paresis): hypocalcaemia near parturition; treat with slow IV calcium borogluconate and monitor for cardiac arrhythmia; magnesium deficiency causes grass tetany.

Bloat types: frothy (legume) vs free-gas (oesophageal obstruction); frothy bloat requires anti-foaming agents (simethicone, vegetable oil) and rumenotomy in refractory cases.

Mastitis diagnosis: California Mastitis Test (CMT) for somatic cell count, strip cup for clots, and culture for Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli; somatic cell count limit for cow milk is 400,000 cells/mL.

Zoonotic and notifiable diseases for clinical suspicion: anthrax (sudden death, tarry blood from orifices, do not open carcass), rabies (nervous signs, Negri bodies), and brucellosis (abortion, retained placenta, serology by RBPT/ELISA).

Suture selection: absorbable (catgut, polyglactin 910/Vicryl, poliglecaprone) for internal tissue; non-absorbable (nylon, silk, polypropylene, steel) for skin and tension-bearing sites; monofilament reduces infection risk.

Wound healing phases: haemostasis/inflammation (0-3 days), proliferation (3-14 days), remodelling (weeks to months); dehiscence risk peaks at 3-5 days when suture-holding strength is lowest.

Anaesthesia triad: narcosis (unconsciousness), analgesia, and muscle relaxation; premedication reduces dose of induction agent and improves recovery.

Injectable protocols: ketamine-diazepam for induction, isoflurane/sevoflurane maintenance; xylazine-ketamine for field anaesthesia in cattle; mask or chamber induction for small animals.

Monitoring: capnography (end-tidal CO2 35-45 mmHg), pulse oximetry (SpO2 >95%), ECG, and blood pressure (MAP >60 mmHg); hypothermia is the commonest anaesthetic complication.

Radiology basics: mA controls quantity of X-rays, kVp controls penetration/contrast, mAs controls exposure; ALARA principle; use of lead apron, thyroid shield, and dosimeter; X-rays are ionizing and teratogenic.

Radiographic opacity: bone/metal = radiopaque (white); fat and soft tissue = intermediate; air = radiolucent (black); contrast studies use barium sulphate or iodine compounds.

Common surgeries: rumenotomy (foreign body), caesarean section (dystocia), castration (open/closed), and fracture repair with intramedullary pins, plates, or external fixators; use aseptic technique and sterile drapes.

Oestrous cycle lengths: cow 18-24 days (mean 21), buffalo 21-24, ewe 16-17, doe 18-21, sow 19-21, bitch 5-7 months (monoestrous), mare 21 days (seasonally polyoestrous, long day).

Gestation lengths: cow 280-285 days, buffalo 305-310, ewe 147-150, doe 150-152, sow 114, bitch 58-63, cat 63-65, mare 335-340 days.

Ovulation timing: cow ~10-14 h after end of oestrus (spontaneous ovulator); ewe ~24-30 h after onset; mare 1-2 days before end of oestrus; bitch ovulation occurs after the LH surge with oocytes needing maturation.

Pregnancy diagnosis: rectal palpation in cow from 35-45 days; ultrasonography from 25-30 days; progesterone assay >1 ng/mL; equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in mare from 40-120 days.

Dystocia management: assess cervical dilatation, foetal viability, and posture; correct malposture, apply traction, and perform caesarean section if correction fails; never apply excessive traction on a dry birth canal.

Retained placenta in cattle: >12-24 h after calving; treat with intrauterine antibiotics and oxytocin; avoid forceful manual removal due to uterine rupture risk.

Semen evaluation: volume, concentration (haemocytometer), progressive motility (>70% good), live-dead staining, and morphology; artificial insemination uses frozen-thawed semen at 37 C for 30 s.

Reproductive hormones: GnRH releases LH/FSH; PGF2alpha lyses corpus luteum; progesterone maintains pregnancy; oestrogen causes oestrus; hCG and eCG are used for ovulation induction and oestrus synchronization.

Proximate analysis: moisture, crude protein (N x 6.25), ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, and ash; TDN (total digestible nutrients) estimates energy value.

Protein requirement: essential amino acids must be supplied; lysine is first limiting in pig diets, methionine in poultry; rumen microbes synthesize microbial protein from non-protein nitrogen (urea).

Mineral facts: calcium:phosphorus ratio should be 1.5-2:1; copper deficiency causes swayback and enzootic ataxia; cobalt is needed for vitamin B12 synthesis; selenium and vitamin E prevent white muscle disease.

Feed intake and FCR: feed conversion ratio = feed consumed/weight gain; broiler FCR ~1.6-1.8; layer feed ~110-120 g/day; dairy cow dry matter intake ~2.5-3% of body weight.

Ration formulation: Pearson square for two-ingredient mixing; balance energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins; use least-cost formulation with linear programming.

Housing and space: broiler floor space ~0.09-0.11 m2/bird; layer ~0.05 m2/bird in cages; dairy cow loose housing ~4-5 m2/cow; ventilation and stocking density affect performance.

Vaccination and biosecurity schedule: Marek's at day 1, Newcastle disease (F1/R2B) and infectious bursal disease at 7-14 days, fowl pox at 6-8 weeks; follow species-specific schedules.

Colostrum: first milking within 1-2 h; calves need 10% of body weight in colostrum within 6 h; colostrum contains immunoglobulins, and its quality is measured by colostrometer.

Zoonosis categories: direct zoonoses (rabies), cyclozoonoses (taeniasis), metazoonoses (arboviruses), saprozoonoses (anthrax, botulism); WHO/FAO/OIE One Health approach.

Milk hygiene: pasteurization 63 C for 30 min (LTLT) or 72 C for 15 s (HTST); phosphatase test for efficiency; methylene blue reduction test for raw milk quality.

Meat inspection: ante-mortem and post-mortem examination; condemn liver with fascioliasis, lungs with tuberculosis; cysticercosis and trichinellosis require condemnation.

Epidemiological measures: incidence = new cases/population at risk/time; prevalence = all cases/population; attack rate in outbreaks; case fatality rate = deaths/cases.

Sensitivity and specificity: sensitivity = true positives/(true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives/(true negatives + false positives); predictive value depends on prevalence.

Outbreak investigation steps: confirm diagnosis, define case, describe by time/place/person, generate hypothesis, test hypothesis, control measures, and report.

Disinfection: 1-2% sodium hypochlorite for surfaces, 2% glutaraldehyde for instruments, and 70% alcohol for skin; anthrax spores need 5% formalin or 10% sodium hydroxide.

Notifiable zoonoses in India: rabies, brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, plague, and avian influenza; reporting is mandatory to the animal husbandry department and public health authority.

Extension methods: individual (farm visit), group (demonstration, field day), and mass (radio, TV, print); demonstrations are most effective for skill adoption.

Adoption stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption; innovators and early adopters are the first to adopt new technology.

Farm records: breeding, feeding, health, and financial records; gross margin = gross return - variable cost; net profit = gross return - total cost.

Cost concepts: fixed cost (land, buildings, machinery), variable cost (feed, labour, medicine), total cost, average cost, and marginal cost; break-even point where total revenue = total cost.

Benefit-cost ratio = discounted benefits/discounted costs; IRR is the discount rate at which NPV = 0; payback period is the time to recover investment.

Dairy economics: cost of milk production = total cost/number of litres; feed cost is ~60-70% of total cost; lactation yield and calving interval determine profitability.

Marketing channels: direct sale, cooperative, and middlemen; price spread = consumer price - producer price; value addition through processing improves returns.

Poultry economics: feed efficiency, livability, and egg production per hen housed; FCR and mortality are the main determinants of profit.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; 395 articles originally; Fundamental Rights in Part III, Directive Principles in Part IV, Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (42nd Amendment, 1976).

Constitutional bodies: Election Commission, UPSC, CAG, and Finance Commission; statutory bodies include NHRC and NABARD; the Attorney General is the chief legal adviser to the Government of India.

Indian polity: President is head of state, Prime Minister is head of government; Rajya Sabha has 245 members, Lok Sabha 543 elected members; money bills originate only in Lok Sabha.

Indian geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states; Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot; Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in the north.

Indian economy: GDP growth, inflation measured by CPI and WPI, monetary policy by RBI, fiscal policy by the Union Budget; GST was introduced on 1 July 2017.

Basic science: photosynthesis converts CO2 and water to glucose using light energy; pH scale 0-14; Newton's laws; SI units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela).

Current affairs and schemes: read one national newspaper daily and note agriculture/livestock schemes such as Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Livestock Mission, and PM-KISAN.

Logical reasoning and quantitative aptitude: percentages, ratio and proportion, averages, time and work, and data interpretation; practise previous years' question patterns.

Telangana formed on 2 June 2014 as the 29th state; capital Hyderabad; districts increased from 10 to 33; area about 112,077 sq km.

Telangana rivers: Godavari and Krishna are the major rivers; Musi is a tributary of Krishna; Kaleshwaram, Srisailam, Nagarjuna Sagar, and Sriram Sagar are major projects.

Agriculture and livestock: Telangana is a leading state in cotton, paddy, maize, and turmeric; livestock includes cattle, buffalo, sheep (Nellore, Deccani), and goats; sheep rearing is a major rural livelihood.

Telangana sheep and goat breeds: Nellore sheep (tall, meat type), Deccani sheep (black, drought tolerant), and Osmanabadi and Sirohi goats are common.

Telangana government schemes: Rythu Bandhu (investment support per acre), Rythu Bima (farmer life insurance), Kalyana Lakshmi, and sheep distribution scheme for Golla/Kuruma communities.

Telangana culture and festivals: Bathukamma and Bonalu are state festivals; Sammakka-Saralakka Jatara at Medaram; Perini Sivatandavam is a traditional dance.

Telangana geography: Deccan plateau with red sandy soils; rainfall from southwest and northeast monsoons; Nallamala and Godavari valley forests; Pakhal and Kawal wildlife sanctuaries.

Telangana economy and administration: IT hub Hyderabad, Pharma City, and industrial corridors; state animal husbandry department runs veterinary hospitals, AI centres, and gopala mitra units.