TSPSC Veterinary Surgeon flashcards

31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Rumen papillae

Finger-like projections of the rumen mucosa that increase surface area for absorption of volatile fatty acids; largest in the ventral sac and dorsal blind sac.

Omasal laminae

Many longitudinal folds in the omasum (manyplies) that reduce particle size and absorb water and volatile fatty acids before ingesta enters the abomasum.

Transitional epithelium

Stratified epithelium lining the urinary bladder and ureters; its dome-shaped surface cells stretch and flatten, allowing distension without rupture.

Cotyledonary placenta

Placental type of ruminants in which foetal cotyledons interdigitate with maternal caruncles to form placentomes; histologically epitheliochorial and non-deciduate.

Respiratory quotient

Ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed; approximately 1.0 for carbohydrate, 0.8 for protein, and 0.7 for fat oxidation.

Anion gap

Calculated as (sodium + potassium) minus (chloride + bicarbonate); an increased gap indicates unmeasured anions such as ketones, lactate, or toxins.

Km value

Substrate concentration at which an enzyme works at half its maximum velocity; a low Km indicates high affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

Parathyroid hormone action

Raises plasma calcium by promoting bone resorption, renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and activation of vitamin D to increase intestinal absorption.

Autoclave parameters

Standard sterilization uses 121 degrees Celsius at 15 psi for 15 to 20 minutes; kills spores and vegetative bacteria, used for culture media and surgical linen.

Secretory IgA

Dimeric immunoglobulin with a J chain and secretory component; predominant antibody on mucosal surfaces, neutralizing pathogens in the gut and respiratory tract.

Type IV hypersensitivity

Delayed, cell-mediated reaction mediated by sensitized T cells and macrophages; example is the tuberculin skin test, peaking 48 to 72 hours after antigen.

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Acid-fast staining method using carbol fuchsin with acid-alcohol decolorization; detects Mycobacterium species such as M. bovis and M. tuberculosis.

Caseous necrosis

Necrosis with cheese-like, friable appearance and loss of tissue architecture, surrounded by granulomatous inflammation; classic in tuberculosis and caseous lymphadenitis.

Apoptosis

Programmed, energy-dependent single-cell death with chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies, without inflammation; regulated by caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour

Contagious round-cell tumour of the canine genitalia transmitted by coitus or licking; responds well to vincristine chemotherapy and is common in stray dogs.

Volume of distribution

Apparent volume calculated as dose divided by initial plasma concentration; a large value indicates extensive tissue distribution of the drug.

Atipamezole

Selective alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist used to reverse xylazine or medetomidine sedation in dogs, cats, and wild animals; given intramuscularly.

Pralidoxime

Oxime that reactivates phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase in organophosphate poisoning; given with atropine, which controls muscarinic signs.

Nitrate poisoning

Rumen converts nitrate to nitrite, which oxidizes haemoglobin to methaemoglobin; causes chocolate-brown blood and hypoxia; treated with methylene blue.

California Mastitis Test

Rapid cow-side test in which a detergent reagent gels milk in proportion to somatic cell count; a high score suggests subclinical mastitis.

Parturient paresis

Hypocalcaemia around calving causing recumbency and paresis; treated with slow intravenous calcium borogluconate with cardiac monitoring.

ALARA principle

As Low As Reasonably Achievable principle in radiology; minimizes radiation exposure through shielding, distance, collimation, and avoiding unnecessary exposures.

Capnography

Continuous measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide during anaesthesia; normal 35 to 45 mmHg; a sudden drop suggests oesophageal intubation or cardiac arrest.

Bovine oestrous cycle

Average 21 days in cattle, with oestrus lasting 12 to 18 hours; ovulation occurs about 10 to 14 hours after the end of standing oestrus.

PGF2alpha

Luteolytic hormone used to regress the corpus luteum for oestrus synchronization and treatment of pyometra or persistent corpus luteum in cattle and buffalo.

Pearson square method

Graphical calculation mixing two feed ingredients to achieve a desired crude protein percentage; the difference across the diagonal gives parts of each ingredient.

Colostrum

First milk rich in immunoglobulins, fat, and vitamins; calves need about 10 percent of body weight within 6 hours of birth for passive immunity.

Pasteurization HTST

High-temperature short-time milk treatment at 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds; kills pathogens with minimal nutritional change; verified by the phosphatase test.

Attack rate

Number of new cases divided by the population at risk during an outbreak, expressed as a percentage; useful for comparing exposure groups.

Benefit-cost ratio

Ratio of discounted benefits to discounted costs of a project; a value greater than one indicates the investment is economically viable.

Rythu Bandhu

Telangana investment support scheme paying per acre per season to farmers for agricultural inputs; launched in 2018 to reduce input credit burden.