Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics
Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics
This domain tests the oestrous cycle, hormones, breeding management, pregnancy diagnosis, dystocia, and postpartum disorders.
Core rules
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis controls cyclicity; GnRH, FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandin F2alpha are key.
- Species differences: cattle and buffalo are polyoestrous; sheep and goats seasonal; dogs monoestrous.
- Pregnancy diagnosis uses history, palpation, ultrasound, and hormones.
- Dystocia requires assessment of fetal position, posture, and presentation before traction or caesarean section.
- Postpartum metritis presents with foul discharge, fever, and reduced milk; retained placenta predisposes.
Worked example
A cow 14 days after calving has fever, foul-smelling uterine discharge, and reduced milk yield. Reasoning: metritis is likely. Check hydration and uterine tone. Treat with systemic antimicrobials and supportive fluids; oxytocin may aid expulsion but is not a substitute for cleaning the uterus. Do not use oestrogen in a pregnant animal.
Traps
- Confusing metritis with pyometra, which typically has a closed cervix and no discharge.
- Assuming all dystocia needs caesarean section.
- Misreading fetal presentation and posture.
- Ignoring withdrawal periods for milk after treatment.
Exam focus
Link hormone phase to ovarian structure and clinical sign. In obstetrics, describe presentation, position, and posture before acting.