UGC NET key terms

An employee's sense of moral obligation to remain with an organization, based on loyalty or gratitude rather than calculated benefit or emotional attachment.

The psychological bond between an employee and the employing organization, reflected in willingness to exert effort and intent to stay as a member.

Emotional attachment to and identification with an organization, such that the employee stays because they genuinely want to.

The fraction of each additional unit of disposable income that households spend on consumption rather than saving; a core parameter in Keynesian income determination.

The ratio of the resulting change in equilibrium national income to an initial autonomous change in spending, larger than one when the marginal propensity to consume is positive.

The relationship expressing planned household consumption as a function of disposable income, typically with a positive autonomous component and a slope below one.

A graph plotting cumulative share of income received against cumulative share of population ranked poorest to richest; its departure from the diagonal measures inequality.

A single number between zero and one summarizing income or wealth inequality, derived from the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality.

A statement specifying the concrete procedures or indicators used to measure a variable, allowing other researchers to observe and replicate the measurement.

The consistency and repeatability of a measurement, meaning that repeated observations under similar conditions yield comparable results.

The extent to which an instrument or study actually measures or captures the concept it claims to measure, rather than something else.

A group whose standards or behavior an individual uses as a frame of comparison for evaluating their own attitudes and conduct, whether or not they belong to it.

A condition of weakened or conflicting social norms in a society, leaving individuals without clear guidance for behavior and often associated with deviance.

The lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and skills of their society and come to function as competent members of it.

A metrical line of five feet, each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, common in English dramatic and narrative verse.

Unrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter, widely used in English epic and dramatic poetry from the sixteenth century onward.

The regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that gives a line of verse its rhythm, conventionally analyzed in feet.

A critical idea holding that emotion in a literary work should be evoked through a concrete set of objects, situations, or events rather than stated directly.

A discrepancy between what is stated or expected and what is meant or actually occurs, often used to create critical or comic effect.

A figure of speech that describes one thing in terms of another without using words of comparison, transferring qualities from vehicle to tenor.

A measure of dispersion equal to the square root of the average squared deviation of scores from their mean, expressed in the original units.

A symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution defined by its mean and standard deviation, in which most observations cluster near the center.

The average of the squared deviations of scores from their mean, used as a measure of how spread out a distribution is.

A statement of no difference or no relationship between variables, which a statistical test attempts to reject in favor of an alternative hypothesis.

The pre-set probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis, conventionally five or one percent, that fixes the threshold for statistical decision.

Incorrectly rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true, also called a false positive, whose probability equals the chosen significance level.

Assessment carried out during instruction to monitor learning progress and provide feedback for improving teaching and learning before final judgments are made.

Assessment conducted at the end of a course or unit to judge overall achievement against standards, typically used for grading or certification.

A hierarchical classification of educational objectives in the cognitive domain, ordered from lower-order skills such as remembering to higher-order skills such as creating.

Any sampling method in which every unit of the population has a known, non-zero chance of selection, allowing generalization and estimation of sampling error.

A probability sampling technique in which every possible sample of a given size has an equal chance of being drawn from the population.

The difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter that arises purely because only part of the population is observed.

Presenting another person's words, ideas, or data as one's own without adequate attribution, a serious breach of research and academic integrity.

The process by which independent experts evaluate a manuscript's quality, originality, and methodology before it is accepted for publication.

A formal reference acknowledging the source of a fact, idea, or quotation, enabling readers to locate the original work and credit its author.

The proportion of variance in a dependent variable explained by a regression model, ranging from zero to one and often denoted R-squared.

A statistical measure of the strength and direction of association between two variables, ranging from minus one through zero to plus one.