UTET Paper 1 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, hypothetico-deductive reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development = gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary adult support withdrawn as competence grows; inner speech follows social speech.

Kohlberg's moral stages: pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's psychosocial crises in order: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy, generativity, integrity.

Krashen-style distinction used in pedagogy: Piaget treats language as a product of cognitive development, Vygotsky treats language as a tool that drives cognitive development.

Learning vs maturation: maturation is biologically timed unfolding independent of practice; learning is relatively permanent change from experience; development is the broader lifelong process.

Intelligence theories: Spearman's g factor, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic (componential, experiential, contextual), Guilford's SOI (divergent thinking for creativity).

Disability definitions: dyscalculia = specific difficulty with number and arithmetic; dyslexia = decoding/reading difficulty; dysgraphia = writing difficulty; ADHD = inattention plus impulsivity, not a learning disability per se.

Linguistic levels: phoneme (smallest sound unit), morpheme (smallest meaning unit), word, phrase, clause, sentence; grapheme is the written symbol for a phoneme.

Phonetics vs phonology: phonetics studies physical speech sounds; phonology studies the sound system and phoneme contrasts of a language.

Acquisition order: listening, speaking, reading, writing; receptive skills precede productive skills in normal development.

Reading models: bottom-up (decoding to meaning), top-down (meaning-driven prediction), interactive (both in parallel); schema theory explains top-down comprehension.

Linguistic interdependence (Cummins): BICS = conversational fluency in 1-2 years; CALP = academic language proficiency in about 5-7 years.

Figures: Noam Chomsky (LAD, universal grammar), B.F. Skinner (behaviourist imitation-reinforcement), Jean Piaget (cognitive constructivism), Lev Vygotsky (social interaction and ZPD).

Grammar terms: syntax = sentence structure, semantics = meaning, pragmatics = language use in context, morphology = word formation, orthography = spelling system.

Assessment distinction: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic; summative assessment is end-of-course and judgemental; both are criterion- or norm-referenced.

English tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present relevance; simple past marks a finished time with a definite past marker.

Article rule: 'a/an' before singular countable nouns introduced for the first time; 'the' for specific or already-mentioned nouns; zero article for uncountable general nouns.

Voice: passive = be + past participle; the object of the active sentence becomes subject; only transitive verbs take the passive.

Reported speech: shift tense back one step (present to past, past to past perfect), change pronouns to the reporter's perspective, and adjust time and place words (now to then, here to there).

Common error pairs: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); its (possessive) vs it's (it is); their vs there vs they're; fewer (countable) vs less (uncountable).

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base, unreal present), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle, unreal past).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (same sound, different spelling/meaning), homograph (same spelling, different meaning), prefix/suffix change meaning or word class.

Place value: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right; a digit's value = face value times place value.

Divisibility: 2 (even last digit), 3 (digit sum divisible by 3), 4 (last two digits), 5 (ends 0/5), 9 (digit sum divisible by 9), 11 (alternating digit-sum difference divisible by 11).

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers (true for two positive integers); LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l+b), A = lb; triangle A = 1/2 x base x height; circle C = 2 pi r, A = pi r squared; square A = side squared.

Volume: cuboid = l x b x h; cube = side cubed; 1 cubic metre = 1,000 litres; 1 litre = 1,000 millilitres.

Percentage and profit: profit % = (profit / cost price) x 100; simple interest = (P x R x T) / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100) raised to T.

Average and ratio: average = sum of observations / number of observations; if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; unitary method finds value of one unit first.

Geometry facts: sum of interior angles of a triangle = 180 degrees; of a quadrilateral = 360 degrees; exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

EVS syllabus areas: family and friends (self, animals, plants), food, shelter, water, travel, and things we make and do; the subject integrates science, social science and environment.

Nutrient functions: carbohydrates and fats give energy; proteins build and repair the body; vitamins and minerals protect and regulate; roughage aids digestion; water transports and cools.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A night blindness, vitamin C scurvy, vitamin D rickets, iron anaemia, iodine goitre, protein-energy malnutrition kwashiorkor and marasmus.

Food chain: producer (green plants) to herbivore to carnivore to decomposer; energy flows one way and decreases at each trophic level; 10% energy transfer rule.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; boiling at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level and freezing at 0 degrees Celsius.

Air composition: about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide plus argon and water vapour; plants release oxygen during photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide.

Sense organs and their functions: eye (sight), ear (hearing and balance), nose (smell), tongue (taste: sweet, sour, salty, bitter), skin (touch, temperature, pain).

First aid and safety rules: cool a burn with running water, do not apply oil or ice; for a snake bite immobilise the limb and reach a doctor; ORS treats dehydration in diarrhoea.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, hypothetico-deductive reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development = gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary adult support withdrawn as competence grows; inner speech follows social speech.

Kohlberg's moral stages: pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's psychosocial crises in order: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy, generativity, integrity.

Learning vs maturation: maturation is biologically timed unfolding independent of practice; learning is relatively permanent change from experience; development is the broader lifelong process.

Intelligence theories: Spearman's g factor, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic (componential, experiential, contextual), Guilford's SOI (divergent thinking for creativity).

Disability definitions: dyscalculia = specific difficulty with number and arithmetic; dyslexia = decoding/reading difficulty; dysgraphia = writing difficulty; ADHD = inattention plus impulsivity, not a learning disability per se.

Linguistic levels: phoneme (smallest sound unit), morpheme (smallest meaning unit), word, phrase, clause, sentence; grapheme is the written symbol for a phoneme.

Phonetics vs phonology: phonetics studies physical speech sounds; phonology studies the sound system and phoneme contrasts of a language.

Acquisition order: listening, speaking, reading, writing; receptive skills precede productive skills in normal development.

Reading models: bottom-up (decoding to meaning), top-down (meaning-driven prediction), interactive (both in parallel); schema theory explains top-down comprehension.

Linguistic interdependence (Cummins): BICS = conversational fluency in 1-2 years; CALP = academic language proficiency in about 5-7 years.

Figures: Noam Chomsky (LAD, universal grammar), B.F. Skinner (behaviourist imitation-reinforcement), Jean Piaget (cognitive constructivism), Lev Vygotsky (social interaction and ZPD).

Grammar terms: syntax = sentence structure, semantics = meaning, pragmatics = language use in context, morphology = word formation, orthography = spelling system.

English tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present relevance; simple past marks a finished time with a definite past marker.

Article rule: 'a/an' before singular countable nouns introduced for the first time; 'the' for specific or already-mentioned nouns; zero article for uncountable general nouns.

Voice: passive = be + past participle; the object of the active sentence becomes subject; only transitive verbs take the passive.

Reported speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to the reporter's perspective, and adjust time and place words (now to then, here to there).

Common error pairs: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); its (possessive) vs it's (it is); their vs there vs they're; fewer (countable) vs less (uncountable).

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base, unreal present), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle, unreal past).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (same sound, different spelling/meaning), homograph (same spelling, different meaning).

Place value: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right; a digit's value = face value times place value.

Divisibility: 2 (even last digit), 3 (digit sum divisible by 3), 4 (last two digits), 5 (ends 0/5), 9 (digit sum divisible by 9), 11 (alternating digit-sum difference divisible by 11).

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers (true for two positive integers); LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l+b), A = lb; triangle A = 1/2 x base x height; circle C = 2 pi r, A = pi r squared; square A = side squared.

Volume: cuboid = l x b x h; cube = side cubed; 1 cubic metre = 1,000 litres; 1 litre = 1,000 millilitres.

Percentage and profit: profit % = (profit / cost price) x 100; simple interest = (P x R x T) / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100) raised to T.

Average and ratio: average = sum of observations / number of observations; if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; unitary method finds value of one unit first.

Geometry facts: sum of interior angles of a triangle = 180 degrees; of a quadrilateral = 360 degrees; exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

EVS syllabus areas: family and friends (self, animals, plants), food, shelter, water, travel, and things we make and do; the subject integrates science, social science and environment.

Nutrient functions: carbohydrates and fats give energy; proteins build and repair the body; vitamins and minerals protect and regulate; roughage aids digestion; water transports and cools.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A night blindness, vitamin C scurvy, vitamin D rickets, iron anaemia, iodine goitre, protein-energy malnutrition kwashiorkor and marasmus.

Food chain: producer (green plants) to herbivore to carnivore to decomposer; energy flows one way and decreases at each trophic level; 10% energy transfer rule.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; boiling at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level and freezing at 0 degrees Celsius.

Air composition: about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide plus argon and water vapour; plants release oxygen during photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide.

Sense organs and their functions: eye (sight), ear (hearing and balance), nose (smell), tongue (taste: sweet, sour, salty, bitter), skin (touch, temperature, pain).

First aid and safety rules: cool a burn with running water, do not apply oil or ice; for a snake bite immobilise the limb and reach a doctor; ORS treats dehydration in diarrhoea.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, hypothetico-deductive reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development = gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary adult support withdrawn as competence grows; inner speech follows social speech.

Kohlberg's moral stages: pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/good girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's psychosocial crises in order: trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy, generativity, integrity.

Learning vs maturation: maturation is biologically timed unfolding independent of practice; learning is relatively permanent change from experience; development is the broader lifelong process.

Intelligence theories: Spearman's g factor, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic (componential, experiential, contextual), Guilford's SOI (divergent thinking for creativity).

Disability definitions: dyscalculia = specific difficulty with number and arithmetic; dyslexia = decoding/reading difficulty; dysgraphia = writing difficulty; ADHD = inattention plus impulsivity, not a learning disability per se.

Linguistic levels: phoneme (smallest sound unit), morpheme (smallest meaning unit), word, phrase, clause, sentence; grapheme is the written symbol for a phoneme.

Phonetics vs phonology: phonetics studies physical speech sounds; phonology studies the sound system and phoneme contrasts of a language.

Acquisition order: listening, speaking, reading, writing; receptive skills precede productive skills in normal development.

Reading models: bottom-up (decoding to meaning), top-down (meaning-driven prediction), interactive (both in parallel); schema theory explains top-down comprehension.

Linguistic interdependence (Cummins): BICS = conversational fluency in 1-2 years; CALP = academic language proficiency in about 5-7 years.

Figures: Noam Chomsky (LAD, universal grammar), B.F. Skinner (behaviourist imitation-reinforcement), Jean Piaget (cognitive constructivism), Lev Vygotsky (social interaction and ZPD).

Grammar terms: syntax = sentence structure, semantics = meaning, pragmatics = language use in context, morphology = word formation, orthography = spelling system.

English tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to present relevance; simple past marks a finished time with a definite past marker.

Article rule: 'a/an' before singular countable nouns introduced for the first time; 'the' for specific or already-mentioned nouns; zero article for uncountable general nouns.

Voice: passive = be + past participle; the object of the active sentence becomes subject; only transitive verbs take the passive.

Reported speech: shift tense back one step, change pronouns to the reporter's perspective, and adjust time and place words (now to then, here to there).

Common error pairs: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); its (possessive) vs it's (it is); their vs there vs they're; fewer (countable) vs less (uncountable).

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base, unreal present), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle, unreal past).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (same sound, different spelling/meaning), homograph (same spelling, different meaning).

Place value: each position is ten times the value of the position to its right; a digit's value = face value times place value.

Divisibility: 2 (even last digit), 3 (digit sum divisible by 3), 4 (last two digits), 5 (ends 0/5), 9 (digit sum divisible by 9), 11 (alternating digit-sum difference divisible by 11).

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers (true for two positive integers); LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l+b), A = lb; triangle A = 1/2 x base x height; circle C = 2 pi r, A = pi r squared; square A = side squared.

Volume: cuboid = l x b x h; cube = side cubed; 1 cubic metre = 1,000 litres; 1 litre = 1,000 millilitres.

Percentage and profit: profit % = (profit / cost price) x 100; simple interest = (P x R x T) / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100) raised to T.

Average and ratio: average = sum of observations / number of observations; if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; unitary method finds value of one unit first.

Geometry facts: sum of interior angles of a triangle = 180 degrees; of a quadrilateral = 360 degrees; exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

EVS syllabus areas: family and friends (self, animals, plants), food, shelter, water, travel, and things we make and do; the subject integrates science, social science and environment.

Nutrient functions: carbohydrates and fats give energy; proteins build and repair the body; vitamins and minerals protect and regulate; roughage aids digestion; water transports and cools.

Deficiency diseases: vitamin A night blindness, vitamin C scurvy, vitamin D rickets, iron anaemia, iodine goitre, protein-energy malnutrition kwashiorkor and marasmus.

Food chain: producer (green plants) to herbivore to carnivore to decomposer; energy flows one way and decreases at each trophic level; 10% energy transfer rule.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; boiling at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level and freezing at 0 degrees Celsius.

Air composition: about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide plus argon and water vapour; plants release oxygen during photosynthesis and absorb carbon dioxide.

Sense organs and their functions: eye (sight), ear (hearing and balance), nose (smell), tongue (taste: sweet, sour, salty, bitter), skin (touch, temperature, pain).

First aid and safety rules: cool a burn with running water, do not apply oil or ice; for a snake bite immobilise the limb and reach a doctor; ORS treats dehydration in diarrhoea.