UTET Paper 1 flashcards

61 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

Piaget's sensorimotor achievement, usually reached around 8-12 months, when a child knows an object still exists after it is hidden from view.

Conservation (Piaget)

Understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when appearance changes; typically achieved in the concrete operational stage, around 7-11 years.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Scaffolding

Temporary, graded support given by a teacher or peer that is gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence, matching Vygotsky's ZPD principle.

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to take another person's viewpoint, shown in failure on the three-mountain task.

Kohlberg pre-conventional level

Moral reasoning driven by punishment avoidance and personal reward; the first of Kohlberg's three levels, typical of young children.

Dyscalculia

A specific learning difficulty affecting number sense, arithmetic facts and calculation, despite otherwise adequate intelligence and instruction.

Formative assessment

Ongoing, diagnostic assessment during teaching that gives feedback and guides next steps, in contrast to end-of-course summative assessment.

Phoneme

The smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language; swapping one phoneme in a word changes its meaning, as in pin and bin.

Morpheme

The smallest unit that carries meaning, either free like 'book' or bound like the plural '-s'; words contain one or more morphemes.

BICS and CALP

Cummins's distinction: BICS is conversational fluency, acquired in about two years; CALP is academic language proficiency, taking roughly five to seven years.

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky's proposed innate mental faculty that enables children to acquire grammar rapidly from limited input, supporting universal grammar.

Bottom-up reading model

A model in which comprehension proceeds from letters to sounds to words to meaning, emphasising decoding rather than prediction from context.

Schema theory

The view that readers understand text by activating prior organised knowledge structures, so background knowledge strongly affects comprehension.

Pragmatics

The branch of linguistics studying how context, intention and social rules shape meaning, as in indirect requests like 'Can you open the window?'

Skinner on language

The behaviourist claim that language is learned through imitation, reinforcement and shaping of verbal behaviour, later challenged by Chomsky's nativist account.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has or have plus the past participle; it links a past action to present relevance, as in 'She has finished her homework.'

Passive voice

Formed with a form of be plus the past participle, used when the object becomes subject, as in 'The letter was written by Ravi.'

Reported speech tense shift

When the reporting verb is past, the reported verb usually moves one step back, so present becomes past and past becomes past perfect.

Second conditional

If plus simple past in the clause and would plus base verb in the main clause, expressing an unreal or unlikely present situation.

Homophone

A word that sounds the same as another but differs in spelling or meaning, such as 'sea' and 'see' or 'pair' and 'pear'.

Fewer versus less

Use 'fewer' with plural countable nouns such as fewer books; use 'less' with uncountable nouns such as less water.

Affect versus effect

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence; 'effect' is usually a noun meaning a result or outcome.

Divisibility by 3

A whole number is divisible by 3 exactly when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3, for example 4,812 because 4+8+1+2 = 15.

LCM and HCF relation

For two positive integers, LCM multiplied by HCF equals the product of the two numbers; this lets you find one value from the other.

Area of a triangle

Half the product of base and perpendicular height: A = 1/2 x b x h; the height must be measured perpendicular to the chosen base.

Simple interest formula

Interest = (Principal x Rate x Time) / 100, where rate is the annual percentage and time is in years; interest is not added to principal.

Unitary method

A technique that first finds the value of a single unit by division, then multiplies to obtain the value of the required number of units.

Exterior angle of a triangle

The angle formed by extending one side equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles; all three exterior angles total 360 degrees.

Balanced diet

A diet containing carbohydrates and fats for energy, proteins for growth and repair, vitamins and minerals for protection, plus roughage and water.

Kwashiorkor

Protein-energy malnutrition in children marked by oedema, swollen belly, skin changes and apathy, caused mainly by protein deficiency.

Food chain

A one-way sequence of organisms showing who eats whom, beginning with green plants as producers and ending with decomposers.

Water cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection, driven mainly by solar energy.

Composition of air

Dry air is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, with argon and variable water vapour making up the remainder.

Vitamin C deficiency

Lack of vitamin C causes scurvy, with bleeding gums, slow wound healing and weakness; citrus fruits and amla are rich sources.

ORS

Oral rehydration solution, a mixture of salt and sugar in clean water, given to replace fluid and electrolytes lost in diarrhoea.

Decomposers

Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil and closing the food chain.

Anaemia

A condition of low haemoglobin, commonly caused by iron deficiency, with symptoms of tiredness, pallor and breathlessness on exertion.

Rickets

A childhood bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft, bowed bones; sunlight exposure helps the body make vitamin D.

Sense organs

The eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin, which receive stimuli for sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch respectively and send signals to the brain.

Producers

Green plants that make their own food by photosynthesis using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, forming the base of every food chain.

Transpiration

Loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through stomata, which contributes to the water cycle and helps pull water up the plant.

Goitre

Swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck, usually caused by iodine deficiency; iodised salt is the standard preventive measure.

Bone and muscle relationship

Bones provide the framework and levers, muscles contract to move them, and joints such as hinge and ball-and-socket allow different movements.

Pythagoras theorem

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a squared plus b squared equals c squared.

Fractions LCM rule

The LCM of fractions equals the LCM of their numerators divided by the HCF of their denominators, valid when the fractions are in lowest form.

Profit percentage

Profit divided by cost price, multiplied by 100; when only selling price and loss percentage are known, cost price is found by dividing selling price by one minus loss percent.

Sum of angles in quadrilateral

Any quadrilateral's four interior angles add to 360 degrees, since a diagonal divides it into two triangles of 180 degrees each.

Place value

The value a digit has because of its position in a numeral; each position is ten times the value of the position to its right.

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sums of its alternating digits is zero or a multiple of 11.

Third conditional

If plus past perfect in the clause with would have plus past participle in the main clause, expressing an unreal past situation, as in 'If I had known, I would have come.'

Zero article

No article is used before uncountable or plural nouns in a general sense, as in 'Water is essential' or 'Books are useful.'

Homograph

A word spelled like another but with a different meaning, and sometimes a different pronunciation, such as 'lead' (metal) and 'lead' (guide).

Their, there, they're

'Their' is possessive, 'there' points to place or existence, and 'they're' is the contraction of 'they are'; the three are homophones.

Syntax

The branch of grammar dealing with how words combine into phrases and sentences, including word order and sentence structure rules.

Grapheme

The written symbol or group of letters representing a phoneme, such as 'sh' representing one sound in 'ship'.

Receptive versus productive skills

Listening and reading are receptive skills that receive input; speaking and writing are productive skills that produce output; receptive skills normally develop first.

Intelligence quotient

A score comparing mental age with chronological age, traditionally mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100; modern tests use standard scores.

Multiple intelligences

Gardner's theory proposing several relatively independent intelligences, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

Industry versus inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage, roughly ages 6-12, when children seek competence through work and peer comparison, or develop a sense of inadequacy.

Learning disability

A persistent difficulty in acquiring specific academic skills such as reading, writing or arithmetic, not explained by low intelligence or lack of instruction.