UP CNET cheat sheet

Normal adult vital signs: oral temperature 36.5–37.5 °C, pulse 60–100/min, respirations 12–20/min, blood pressure <120/80 mmHg, SpO2 ≥95% on room air.

Body fluid compartments: total body water ≈60% of body weight in adults; intracellular ≈40%, extracellular ≈20% (interstitial ≈15%, plasma ≈5%).

Parkland formula for burns: 4 mL Ringer lactate × body weight (kg) × %TBSA burned in first 24 h; half in first 8 h from injury time, remainder over 16 h.

ABG interpretation order: pH → PaCO2 → HCO3 → compensation. pH <7.35 with PaCO2 >45 mmHg = respiratory acidosis; pH >7.45 with HCO3 >26 mEq/L = metabolic alkalosis.

Normal serum values: Na 135–145 mEq/L, K 3.5–5.0 mEq/L, Ca 8.5–10.5 mg/dL, fasting glucose 70–110 mg/dL, creatinine 0.6–1.2 mg/dL.

Stages of pressure injury (NPIAP): 1 = intact skin with non-blanchable erythema; 2 = partial-thickness loss; 3 = full-thickness loss with visible fat; 4 = full-thickness with exposed fascia, muscle, or bone.

Drug calculation rule: dose required ÷ dose on hand × quantity on hand = amount to administer; verify weight-based pediatric doses in mg/kg per dose.

Isolation precautions: contact for MRSA, C. difficile, and scabies; droplet for influenza and pertussis; airborne for tuberculosis, measles, and varicella (N95 plus negative-pressure room).

Postoperative nursing priorities in sequence: airway and breathing, circulation, level of consciousness, wound and drain assessment, then pain and early mobilization.

Primary health care principles (Alma-Ata): equitable access, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and health promotion over curative care.

Levels of prevention: primordial (risk-factor reduction), primary (pre-disease immunization and sanitation), secondary (early detection and treatment), tertiary (disability limitation and rehabilitation).

Epidemiological measures: incidence = new cases ÷ population at risk per unit time; prevalence = all existing cases ÷ total population; case fatality = deaths ÷ diagnosed cases × 100.

Cold chain: OPV and measles vaccine stored at −20 °C to +8 °C; DPT, TT, and hepatitis B at +2 °C to +8 °C; never freeze DPT, TT, or hepatitis B.

National immunization schedule (India): BCG, OPV-0, and hepatitis B birth dose at birth; pentavalent and OPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks; measles-rubella first dose at 9–12 months and second at 16–24 months.

Family planning effectiveness: condoms and oral pills are user-dependent methods; IUCD and sterilization are long-acting; emergency contraception is effective up to 72 h (levonorgestrel) or 120 h (ulipristal).

Glasgow Coma Scale components: eye opening 1–4, verbal response 1–5, motor response 1–6; total 3–15; score ≤8 indicates need for airway protection.

Nursing process steps in fixed order: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation; evaluation loops back to reassessment rather than ending the cycle.

Community nursing ratios and referral rules: one ANM per 5,000 population and one sub-centre per 5,000; first referral unit covers 30,000 rural population.

Research designs: true experimental requires randomization, control, and manipulation; quasi-experimental lacks randomization; pre-experimental lacks control group.

Levels of evidence (descending): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs, RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys, case reports, expert opinion.

Validity types: internal validity concerns cause-effect inference; external validity concerns generalizability; threats include history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality.

Reliability coefficients: Cronbach alpha ≥0.70 acceptable for internal consistency; inter-rater reliability measured by Cohen kappa, with ≥0.80 considered strong.

Sample size for estimating a proportion: n = Z²pq/d²; for p = 0.5, Z = 1.96, d = 0.05, n ≈ 384.

Parametric test selection: independent t-test for two independent means, paired t-test for repeated measures, ANOVA for three or more group means, chi-square for categorical association.

Sensitivity and specificity: sensitivity = true positives ÷ (true positives + false negatives); specificity = true negatives ÷ (true negatives + false positives); predictive values depend on prevalence.

Ethical requirements for human research: institutional ethics committee approval, informed consent, risk-benefit assessment, confidentiality, and right to withdraw without penalty.

Leadership and management: transformational leadership uses idealized influence and intellectual stimulation; transactional leadership uses contingent reward; delegation transfers task authority but retains accountability.