UP CNET flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Normal adult respiratory rate

Resting respiratory rate in a healthy adult is 12 to 20 breaths per minute; rates outside this range in an adult warrant assessment for respiratory or metabolic disturbance.

Parkland burn formula

Give 4 mL Ringer lactate per kg body weight per percent total body surface area burned in 24 hours; infuse half in the first 8 hours after injury and the rest over 16 hours.

Respiratory acidosis criteria

Arterial pH below 7.35 with PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates respiratory acidosis, reflecting alveolar hypoventilation from causes such as airway obstruction or opioid depression.

Metabolic alkalosis criteria

Arterial pH above 7.45 with bicarbonate above 26 mEq/L indicates metabolic alkalosis, commonly from vomiting, gastric suction, or diuretic use causing acid loss.

Normal serum potassium

Serum potassium normally ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L; values outside this range risk cardiac dysrhythmia, and intravenous potassium is never given as a bolus.

Stage 2 pressure injury

A stage 2 pressure injury is partial-thickness skin loss with a shallow open ulcer or intact serum-filled blister; subcutaneous fat and deeper structures are not exposed.

Airborne precautions indications

Airborne precautions apply to tuberculosis, measles, and varicella; they require an N95 respirator and a negative-pressure room with the door kept closed.

Dose calculation formula

Amount to administer equals desired dose divided by dose on hand, multiplied by the quantity containing that dose; confirm weight-based pediatric doses before administration.

Glasgow Coma Scale range

The Glasgow Coma Scale sums eye opening (1 to 4), verbal response (1 to 5), and motor response (1 to 6), giving a total of 3 to 15; 8 or less needs airway protection.

Nursing process sequence

The nursing process proceeds through assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation; evaluation feeds back into reassessment rather than ending the cycle.

Incidence versus prevalence

Incidence counts new cases divided by the population at risk over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases divided by the total population at one time point.

Primary prevention examples

Primary prevention acts before disease occurs through immunization, sanitation, safe water, nutrition promotion, and health education; it differs from screening, which is secondary prevention.

Tertiary prevention definition

Tertiary prevention limits disability and supports rehabilitation after established disease, such as physiotherapy after stroke or foot care to prevent amputation in diabetes.

Cold chain temperature rules

Oral polio and measles vaccines need −20 to +8 degrees Celsius; DPT, tetanus toxoid, and hepatitis B need +2 to +8 degrees Celsius and must never be frozen.

India measles-rubella schedule

Under the national immunization schedule, the first measles-rubella dose is given at 9 to 12 months and the second dose at 16 to 24 months of age.

Emergency contraception window

Levonorgestrel emergency contraception is effective up to 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and ulipristal acetate up to 120 hours; earlier use gives higher efficacy.

Sub-centre population norm

India's rural health norm assigns one sub-centre staffed by an auxiliary nurse midwife per 5,000 population in plains and per 3,000 in hilly or tribal areas.

Case fatality rate

Case fatality rate equals deaths from a disease divided by diagnosed cases of that disease, multiplied by 100, measured over a defined period.

Alma-Ata primary health care

The 1978 Alma-Ata declaration defined primary health care through equitable access, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and emphasis on prevention.

True experimental design

A true experimental design requires random assignment to groups, a control group, and researcher manipulation of the independent variable, permitting stronger causal inference.

Quasi-experimental design

A quasi-experimental design manipulates the independent variable but lacks random assignment, so groups may differ at baseline and causal claims are weaker.

Internal validity meaning

Internal validity is the degree to which observed effects are attributable to the independent variable rather than confounders such as maturation, history, or instrumentation.

External validity meaning

External validity is the extent to which study findings generalize to other populations, settings, and times beyond the sample actually studied.

Cronbach alpha threshold

Cronbach alpha estimates internal consistency reliability of a scale; a value of 0.70 or above is generally acceptable for research instruments.

Cohen kappa interpretation

Cohen kappa measures inter-rater agreement corrected for chance; values of 0.80 or above indicate strong agreement, while below 0.40 is poor.

Sample size proportion formula

For estimating a proportion, n equals Z squared times p times q divided by d squared; with p of 0.5 and 5 percent precision, n is about 384.

Independent t-test use

An independent samples t-test compares the means of two unrelated groups on a continuous outcome, assuming approximately normal distribution and homogeneity of variance.

ANOVA indication

Analysis of variance compares means across three or more groups on a continuous outcome; a significant F test requires post hoc comparison to identify differing groups.

Chi-square test use

The chi-square test assesses association between two categorical variables by comparing observed frequencies with those expected if the variables were independent.

Sensitivity definition

Sensitivity is true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; it is the probability a test correctly identifies people who truly have the condition.

Specificity definition

Specificity is true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives; it is the probability a test correctly identifies people who truly lack the condition.

Informed consent elements

Valid informed consent requires disclosure of purpose, procedures, risks and benefits, alternatives, confidentiality protections, voluntariness, and the right to withdraw without penalty.