UP Forest Guard key terms

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। इसमें स्वर, व्यंजन या विसर्ग का जोड़ शामिल होता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। इसमें बीच के विभक्ति चिह्न लुप्त हो जाते हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द के पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, उपसर्ग कहलाता है; जैसे 'अन' + 'पढ़' = अनपढ़।

मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़ने वाला शब्दांश प्रत्यय कहलाता है, जो नया शब्द या भाव बनाता है; जैसे 'मानव' + 'ता' = मानवता।

काव्य में सौंदर्य बढ़ाने वाले विशेष प्रयोग अलंकार कहलाते हैं; जैसे अनुप्रास, उपमा और रूपक। ये शब्द-आधारित या अर्थ-आधारित होते हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ के बजाय कोई विशेष लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, मुहावरा कहलाता है; जैसे 'आँखों में धूल झोंकना' का अर्थ धोखा देना है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित, अनुभव पर आधारित सूक्ति वाक्य लोकोक्ति या कहावत कहलाती है; जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। इसमें पूरा वाक्य ही अर्थ देता है।

The supreme law of India that lays down the framework of government, fundamental rights, and duties. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950.

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech, and protection against exploitation. They can be enforced through courts.

A three-tier system of local self-government in rural India-gram panchayat, panchayat samiti, and zila parishad-created by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.

The longitude 82°30′E, passing near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, used as India's reference meridian for Indian Standard Time, which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Changes in it influence inflation, loan rates, and credit growth.

The annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India, presented by the Finance Minister in Parliament, usually on 1 February, before the new financial year begins.

Hydrogen produced by splitting water with electricity from renewable sources, so no carbon dioxide is released. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission promotes it as a clean fuel and industrial feedstock.

The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers, e.g. the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12. It is used to add fractions and solve time-and-work problems.

The largest number that divides two or more given numbers exactly, without leaving a remainder, e.g. the HCF of 12 and 18 is 6. Also called greatest common divisor.

A way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100, written with the % sign. For example, 25% means 25 out of 100, or one quarter of a whole.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using SI = P × R × T / 100, where R is the annual rate and T the time in years.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. Also called the arithmetic mean; it is used to compare groups and solve equal-distribution problems.

A reasoning question that asks you to find the same relationship between a pair of items as in a given pair, e.g. Doctor : Hospital :: Teacher : School.

A sequence of numbers arranged by a hidden rule, such as adding 3 each time. The task is to identify the rule and find the missing or next number.

A reasoning topic where words or letters are replaced by a code using a fixed rule, and you must decipher the rule to encode or decode another word.

Reasoning problems that describe family relationships in words, such as 'A is B's sister's father', and ask how two people are related to each other.

Logical reasoning where two or more statements (premises) are given as true and you decide which conclusions necessarily follow from them, as in 'All A are B'.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in chloroplasts capturing the light energy.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring how acidic or basic a solution is; below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic. Each unit means a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

The rule that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it and inversely proportional to its resistance, written as V = IR.

A disorder caused by shortage of a particular vitamin in the diet, such as scurvy from lack of vitamin C and night blindness from lack of vitamin A.

A community of living organisms interacting with each other and with their non-living surroundings such as soil, water, and air, within a defined area.

The warming of Earth's surface when gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap outgoing heat radiation, similar to glass in a greenhouse. It is natural but intensified by human emissions.

Thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere, mainly by chlorine and bromine from CFCs, which lets more harmful ultraviolet radiation reach Earth's surface.

The total amount of greenhouse gases, measured as carbon dioxide equivalent, released by a person, product, organisation, or activity over a given period.

A protected area notified by government for conserving wildlife and its habitat, where human activity, grazing, and resource extraction are prohibited by law; for example, Corbett National Park.

A protected area where wild animals and plants are conserved and certain regulated human activities, such as grazing or collection of forest produce, may be permitted.

A large protected area with core, buffer, and transition zones that conserves biodiversity along with local livelihoods; it is designated under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme.

A plant or animal species found naturally in only one specific region and nowhere else, making it highly vulnerable to habitat loss; for example, the lion-tailed macaque in the Western Ghats.

A species whose removal would drastically change the ecosystem, even if its numbers are small; for example, fig trees that feed many animals, or top predators.

A global inventory that classifies species by extinction risk into categories such as Least Concern, Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered, guiding conservation priorities.