UP Police Assistant Operator key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in court through writs. They include equality, speech, religion, and life, and may be restricted by reasonable limits.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing the state toward social and economic welfare. They are not directly enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and law-making.

A formal written order of a court commanding action or restraint. Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto are the five writs used to protect Fundamental Rights.

The power of courts to examine laws and executive actions and declare them void if they violate the Constitution. It is a basic feature of the Indian constitutional scheme.

The principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features, such as supremacy of law or judicial review. It was established in the Kesavananda Bharati case.

The opening statement of the Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic committed to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. It reflects the source and spirit of the Constitution.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India, established under the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. It operates at village, block, and district levels with elected representatives.

A system in which power is divided between a central government and constituent states, each with defined authority. India combines this with a strong centre, often described as quasi-federal.

A mass movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to withdraw cooperation from British institutions. It promoted boycotts of foreign goods and schools and was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.

A campaign beginning with Gandhi's Dandi Salt March in 1930, in which Indians deliberately broke unjust colonial laws. It demanded complete independence and involved mass participation.

The 1942 mass agitation demanding immediate British withdrawal from India, launched after Gandhi's call for 'Do or Die'. It was suppressed with widespread arrests.

A seasonal reversal of wind direction that brings heavy rainfall to India, mainly from the southwest in June to September. Agriculture in much of the country depends on it.

A rotating storm system with low-pressure centre and strong winds that forms over warm tropical oceans. India's east coast, especially Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, is frequently affected.

Fertile soil deposited by rivers, rich in potash and lime but often low in nitrogen. It covers large parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain and supports intensive farming.

A period of sharply increased crop output in India from the 1960s, achieved through high-yield seeds, irrigation, and fertilizers. It was most successful in Punjab and Haryana for wheat.

Gross Domestic Product, the total market value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is the standard measure of national economic size and growth.

A sustained rise in the general price level, reducing the purchasing power of money. In India it is mainly tracked through the Consumer Price Index and wholesale prices.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. Raising it usually reduces money supply and controls inflation.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. It occurs in chloroplasts and forms the base of most food chains.

The process by which living cells break down glucose to release energy, using oxygen in aerobic respiration. It produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products.

The green pigment in plant cells that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. It is contained in chloroplasts and reflects green light, giving leaves their colour.

The principle that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always occur in pairs acting on two different bodies.

The product of an object's mass and velocity, measuring its quantity of motion. In a closed system the total momentum remains constant during collisions.

A form of logical reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given premises. Questions typically ask which conclusion necessarily follows from the statements.

A reasoning question that asks you to identify the relationship between one pair of items and apply the same relationship to another pair. It tests pattern recognition and classification.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted into a code using a rule, and the candidate must find the rule or decode a new item. It tests logical pattern detection.

A reasoning problem that presents family relationships in text or symbols and asks how two people are related. A family tree diagram helps avoid confusion.

Lowest Common Multiple, the smallest number divisible by each of a given set of numbers. It is used to solve problems about events repeating at different intervals.

Highest Common Factor, the largest number that divides each of a given set of numbers exactly. It is useful for simplifying fractions and dividing items into equal groups.

A fraction expressed as a part per hundred, used to compare quantities and express change. Profit, loss, discount, and interest problems commonly rely on it.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि इसके मुख्य भेद हैं, जिनसे शब्दों का रूप बदल जाता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं। तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है। जैसे 'प्र' जोड़ने पर 'हार' से 'प्रहार' बनता है।

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language. Questions test the ability to choose the closest equivalent in context.

A word whose meaning is opposite to that of another word. Identifying contrast pairs correctly is essential for vocabulary questions in English sections.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal words, such as 'break the ice'. Questions ask for its correct meaning or usage in a sentence.

Random Access Memory, the volatile working memory of a computer that temporarily holds data and programs in use. Its contents are lost when power is switched off.

Read Only Memory, non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions such as the boot firmware. Its contents normally cannot be altered by ordinary programs.

System software that manages hardware, files, memory, and processes and provides a platform for applications. Windows, Linux, and Android are common examples.

The startup process in which a computer loads the operating system into memory after powering on. It begins with firmware checks and ends with the system ready for use.

Application software organised in rows and columns of cells for calculation and data analysis. Formulas, functions, and charts are its main features, as in Microsoft Excel.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network so data can be sent to the right destination. IPv4 uses four numbers, while IPv6 uses a longer hexadecimal format.

Domain Name System, the service that translates human-readable website names into IP addresses. Without it, users would have to remember numeric addresses.

Local Area Network, a network connecting devices within a limited area such as an office or building. It offers high speed and is usually privately owned.

A networking device that forwards data packets between different networks and chooses the best path. Home routers also connect a local network to the internet.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address used to locate a resource on the web. It specifies the protocol, domain name, and often the path to a specific page.

A cyber fraud in which attackers impersonate a trusted entity through fake emails or websites to steal passwords or financial details. Verifying sender addresses and links helps prevent it.

Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware are common types.

A security system that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on set rules. It blocks unauthorised access while allowing legitimate communication.