UP Police Head Constable (Ministerial) key terms

A fixed Hindi idiom whose meaning is figurative rather than literal, such as आँख का तारा for a very dear person. Candidates must know common idioms and use them correctly in sentences.

A Hindi proverb or folk saying that carries a general truth or moral, such as नाच न जाने आँगन टेढ़ा. It differs from an idiom because it states a complete idea.

A Hindi synonym: a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another, such as जल, पानी and नीर for water. Questions ask for matching or distinguishing synonyms.

A Hindi antonym: a word with the opposite meaning of another, such as दिन and रात or सुख and दुःख. Candidates select the correct opposite from given options.

A Hindi word that carries several different meanings depending on context, such as कनक meaning both gold and wheat. Questions test the correct contextual meaning.

The joining of two Hindi sounds or words where the final and initial sounds merge into a new form, as विद्या plus आलय becomes विद्यालय. Questions ask for splitting or forming such joined words.

A Hindi compound word formed by combining two or more words, classified by relationship such as तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व or बहुव्रीहि. Candidates identify the compound type or expand the word.

A Hindi prefix: a particle placed before a root word that changes its meaning, such as अनु in अनुशासन or प्र in प्रगति. Questions ask for the prefix in a given word.

A Hindi suffix: a particle added after a root word that modifies its meaning or forms a new word, such as ता in मानवता or आई in लड़ाई. Candidates separate root and suffix.

Two Hindi word classes: तत्सम words are retained close to their Sanskrit origin, like अग्नि, while तद्भव words changed over time, like आग. Questions ask candidates to classify words.

Correcting grammatical, spelling or structural errors in a Hindi sentence so it follows standard usage. Candidates pick the corrected version or spot the faulty portion.

Selecting the correctly spelled form of a Hindi word, including proper use of मात्रा signs, अनुस्वार, अनुनासिक and हलंत. Questions present misspelled alternatives.

In Hindi grammar, कारक is the relation of a noun to the verb, and विभक्ति is the case marker such as ने, को or से that shows it. Identification questions are common.

In Hindi literature, रस is the aesthetic emotion evoked by poetry, such as शृंगार or वीर, while अलंकार is a figure of speech like उपमा or अनुप्रास. Both are frequently tested.

A synonym is a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another, such as begin and commence. An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning, such as hot and cold. Both are standard English vocabulary question types.

An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as to let the cat out of the bag meaning to reveal a secret. Candidates match idioms to meanings.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise English word, such as a person who speaks many languages becoming polyglot. Questions test exact vocabulary recall rather than explanation.

Voice shows whether the subject performs the action (active: the officer filed the report) or receives it (passive: the report was filed by the officer). Questions ask for conversion between the two.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words in quotation marks, while indirect speech reports them without quotes and adjusts pronouns, tense and time words. Conversion questions are common.

Tense places an action in past, present or future, while agreement requires the verb to match the subject in number and person, as in he writes versus they write. Error-spotting questions test both.

Articles are a, an and the used before nouns, and prepositions are words like in, on and at showing relation. Questions test correct choice and omission in sentences.

A question type where candidates identify the misspelled word or the grammatically faulty part of a sentence from given options. It combines spelling accuracy with grammar knowledge.

A percentage expresses a number as a fraction of one hundred, so 25% equals 25/100 or one quarter. Questions cover increase, decrease, comparison and successive percentage change.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, such as 3:4, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal, as 3:4 = 6:8. Questions cover division of amounts and finding unknowns.

The average of a set of values is their sum divided by the count of values. Questions ask for a new average after adding or removing items, or for a missing value.

Profit is selling price minus cost price, and loss is cost price minus selling price, usually expressed as a percentage of cost price. Questions also involve discount and marked price.

Simple interest is calculated only on the principal, using P × R × T / 100, while compound interest is calculated on principal plus accumulated interest. Questions compare the two or find rates and periods.

Speed equals distance divided by time. Questions cover average speed, relative speed of two moving objects, trains crossing poles or platforms, and boats with or against a stream.

Problems where workers or pipes complete a job at given rates, solved using the idea that one day's work equals one divided by the number of days. Questions combine or compare workers.

Number series questions ask for the next or missing term by spotting a pattern such as addition, multiplication or squares. Simplification questions test quick evaluation using BODMAS order of operations.

A reasoning question that asks for a pair of items related in the same way as a given pair, such as doctor is to hospital as teacher is to school. The relationship may be functional, numerical or positional.

A reasoning question presenting several items that share a common property, with one item that does not fit. Candidates identify the exception based on category, number property or letter pattern.

A reasoning topic where words or numbers are converted into a code by a fixed rule, such as shifting letters by two places, and candidates must decode a new word or encode a given one.

Reasoning questions describing family relationships in text or symbols, where candidates work out how two people are related. Care is needed with gender words and generations.

Reasoning questions where a person moves in given directions and turns, and candidates find the final direction or shortest distance. Sketching north, south, east and west helps avoid errors.

A logical reasoning question giving statements such as all A are B and asking which conclusions necessarily follow. Only conclusions true in every possible case are valid.

The operating system manages hardware and provides a workspace, while file management covers creating, naming, saving, moving and deleting files and folders. Questions test basic Windows operations and shortcuts.

MS Word is word-processing software for documents, and MS Excel is spreadsheet software using rows, columns and formulas. Questions test menus, cells, formulas and common commands at a basic level.

The internet is a global network of connected computers, and email is a system for sending messages electronically. Questions cover browsers, URLs, email fields such as To, Cc and Bcc, and basic safety.

Key combinations that trigger commands quickly, such as Ctrl+C to copy and Ctrl+V to paste, together with touch typing on a standard keyboard. Typing speed and accuracy are directly tested in this exam.

Fundamental Duties are moral obligations of citizens listed in Article 51A, while Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV guide government policy. Both are frequently asked in polity sections.

Basic rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech and life, enforceable through writs. Questions test articles, scope and reasonable restrictions.

The three-tier system of local self-government in rural India at village, block and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment. Questions cover tiers, elections and reservations.

Core facts about the rupee, its issuing authority the Reserve Bank of India, and basic banking terms such as repo rate, CRR and SLR. Questions test institutions and simple definitions.

India's national symbols such as the flag, anthem and emblem, together with basic geography of states, capitals, rivers and mountains. These factual areas appear regularly in general awareness sections.