UPMSP Intermediate Punjabi flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

ਮੁੱਖ ਭਾਵ

The central idea or main theme of a prose passage or poem. In exams, state it in one sentence first, then support it with a specific instance from the prescribed text.

ਪਾਤਰ-ਚਿਤਰਨ

Character sketch. Requires physical description, speech habits, behaviour under conflict, relationships with others, and the moral quality the character represents - four to five distinct traits in total.

ਨਿਬੰਧ

A formal prose essay, one of the prescribed prose genres. Answers on this form should identify the thesis, the supporting arguments, and the concluding stance of the essayist.

ਸਫ਼ਰਨਾਮਾ

Travelogue - a first-person prose account of a journey. Questions typically ask about places visited, the traveller's impressions, and the cultural observations recorded.

ਰੇਖਾਚਿਤਰ

A literary sketch or pen-portrait: a short prose piece capturing a person's essence through selected traits rather than full biography. It differs from a life history in scope and focus.

ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਭਾਵ

The central meaning of a poem, distinct from the literal word meanings and the implied sense. Poetry answers are marked on all three layers, so name the central idea explicitly.

ਉਪਮਾ ਅਲੰਕਾਰ

Simile. A comparison made explicit with words such as ਵਾਂਗ or ਜਿਵੇਂ. It differs from ਰੂਪਕ, which states the comparison as an identity without a comparing word.

ਰੂਪਕ ਅਲੰਕਾਰ

Metaphor. The compared thing is presented as identical to the image rather than similar to it; no ਵਾਂਗ or ਜਿਵੇਂ appears. Identifying this correctly is a common exam item.

ਅਨੁਪ੍ਰਾਸ

Alliteration - repetition of the same consonant sound across nearby words in a line. It is a sound figure, so the answer must point to repeated sounds, not repeated meanings.

ਵੀਰ ਰਸ

The heroic sentiment in poetry, evoked by images of courage, battle, or sacrifice. Naming the rasa requires citing the specific image in the stanza that produces the emotion.

ਦੋਹਰਾ ਛੰਦ

A couplet form with two halves of 13 and 11 matras respectively. Counting matras against this pattern is a reliable way to verify the metre of a given stanza.

ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ

A lyric form of couplets sharing a refrain and rhyme, with the poet's name often in the final couplet. Its themes are usually love, loss, or philosophical reflection.

ਪੈਰਾ-ਵਿਆਖਿਆ

Stanza explanation. The expected order is a plain prose rendering of the lines, then the implied meaning, then the poet's intention or message conveyed by the stanza.

ਸੰਗya ਦੀਆਂ ਕਿਸਮਾਂ

Noun types: ਜਾਤੀਵਾਚਕ (common), ਵਿਅਕਤੀਵਾਚਕ (proper), ਭਾਵਵਾਚਕ (abstract), ਸਮੂਹਵਾਚਕ (collective), ਦ੍ਰਵਵਾਚਕ (material). Classification depends on use in the sentence, not on the word alone.

ਲਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਵਚਨ

Gender (ਪੁਲਿੰਗ or ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ) and number (ਇੱਕਵਚਨ or ਬਹੁਵਚਨ). Punjabi verbs and adjectives must agree with the noun in both categories simultaneously.

ਕਾਰਕ

Grammatical case role: ਕਰਤਾ (doer), ਕਰਮ (object), ਕਰਨ (instrument), ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ (recipient), ਅਪਾਦਾਨ (source), ਸੰਬੰਧ (relation), ਅਧਿਕਰਨ (location). Postpositions such as ਨੇ, ਨੂੰ, ਤੋਂ mark these roles.

ਅਕਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਸਕਰਮ ਕਿਰਿਆ

Intransitive versus transitive verbs. ਅਕਰਮ verbs take no object; ਸਕਰਮ verbs take an object and can form causatives, as in ਕਰਨਾ becoming ਕਰਵਾਉਣਾ.

ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਵਾਕ

A compound sentence joining two or more independent clauses with connectors such as ਅਤੇ, ਪਰ, or ਕਿ. It differs from a ਮਿਸ਼ਰਤ sentence, where one clause is subordinate.

ਸ਼ੁੱਧ-ਅਸ਼ੁੱਧ

Correction of incorrect to correct Punjabi. Common errors are wrong gender agreement, misuse of ਨੇ with intransitive past verbs, and doubled plural markers; correct only the faulty element.

ਮੁਹਾਵਰਾ

An idiom: a fixed phrase whose meaning is figurative and not the sum of its words. It fits into a sentence and changes with tense and subject, unlike a proverb.

ਪੱਤਰ ਲਿਖਣਾ

Letter writing. Elements are sender's address, date, receiver's address, salutation, a two- or three-paragraph body, closing, and signature; formal and informal letters differ in salutation and tone.

ਭੂਮਿਕਾ, ਵਿਸਥਾਰ, ਸਿੱਟਾ

Introduction, development, conclusion - the three-part essay frame. A three-paragraph essay with a clear stance and two or three supporting points fits the standard marking scheme.

ਰਿਪੋਰਟ

Report writing. The opening sentence answers the five Ws, and the whole report stays in past tense and third person, without the writer's personal opinion.

ਅਰਜ਼ੀ

A formal application. It needs the receiver's designation, a separate subject line, a request body, and a respectful closing; the subject line is an independently marked element.

ਸੂਚਨਾ

A notice. It must state what is happening, when and where it will happen, and whom to contact, all in a compact block without narrative padding.

ਸਿਰਲੇਖ ਦੇਣਾ

Supplying a title for an unseen passage. The answer is a short phrase capturing the central idea, not a full sentence and not a copy of the passage's first line.

ਸੰਕੇਤਕ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ

Inference questions, signalled by words such as ਸੰਕੇਤ, ਅਨੁਮਾਨ, or ਕਾਰਨ. The answer must be traceable to a specific line in the passage rather than to general knowledge.

ਸਾਰ ਲਿਖਣਾ

Summary writing. The passage is compressed to about one-third of its length, keeping only main points in the original order and omitting examples and repetition.

ਪੈਂਤੀ ਅੱਖਰ

The 35 primary Gurmukhi letters. Three are vowel carriers - ੳ, ਅ, ੲ - and the remainder are consonants arranged in traditional rows by place of articulation.

ਲਗਾਂ

Vowel signs attached to consonants: ਕੰਨਾ, ਸਿਹਾਰੀ, ਬਿਹਾਰੀ, ਔਂਕੜ, ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ, ਲਾਂਵ, ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ, ਹੋੜਾ, ਕਨੌੜਾ, plus ਮੁਕਤਾ where no sign appears.

ਟਿੱਪੀ ਅਤੇ ਬਿੰਦੀ

Nasalisation marks. ਟਿੱਪੀ (ਂ) follows short vowels and ਬਿੰਦੀ (ੰ) follows long vowels or appears in certain clusters; swapping them produces a spelling error.

ਅੱਧਕ

A doubling sign placed before a consonant to show it is pronounced doubled. Its position is always before the consonant, never after a vowel sign attached to it.

ਅਖਾਣ

A proverb: a complete sentence carrying folk wisdom. It is quoted whole and its lesson explained in one line, unlike an idiom, which is a phrase fitted into a sentence.