UPMSP Intermediate Human Science flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Balanced diet

A diet supplying energy and all essential nutrients in correct proportion and quantity for a person's age, sex, activity level and physiological state, without excess or deficiency.

Marasmus

Severe protein-energy malnutrition in infancy caused by prolonged deficiency of both energy and protein, producing extreme wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle, and growth failure.

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency disease in young children marked by oedema, enlarged fatty liver, thin sparse hair, skin changes and apathy, often with adequate energy intake from starchy foods.

Mutual supplementation

Combining cereals with pulses or milk so that limiting amino acids complement each other, improving overall protein quality, as in khichdi or rice with dal.

Cephalocaudal principle

The principle that development proceeds from head to tail, so head and neck control and brain growth appear before trunk and limb control in infants.

Proximodistal principle

The principle that development proceeds from the centre of the body outward, so gross motor control of the trunk appears before fine control of fingers and hands.

Puberty

The stage of adolescence when sex hormones trigger the growth spurt, maturation of reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sexual characteristics such as voice change and breast development.

Heredity and environment

Heredity sets the potential range for traits and abilities, while environment, including nutrition, stimulation and care, determines where within that range a child develops.

Mercerisation

A treatment of cotton yarn or fabric with caustic soda that increases lustre, strength, dye uptake and absorbency by swelling the cellulose fibres.

Sanforisation

A mechanical finishing process for cotton fabric that compresses the cloth to control shrinkage, so garments retain size after repeated washing.

Felting of wool

The matting and shrinking of wool fibres caused by their scaly surface interlocking under friction, heat and moisture, especially during harsh washing.

Fashion cycle

The recurring sequence in which a style is introduced, gains acceptance and peaks, then declines and becomes obsolete before possibly returning later.

Warp and weft

In woven fabric, warp yarns run lengthwise and are held under tension, while weft yarns cross them at right angles to build the cloth structure.

Work simplification

A management technique that reduces unnecessary steps, combines or rearranges tasks and improves motion to complete household work with less time and energy.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a choice is made, central to household and consumer decisions under limited income and time.

Family budget

A written plan of expected income and expenditure over a period, classifying spending as fixed, flexible or discretionary to balance needs and wants.

Quality marks

Certification symbols on products indicating conformity to standards, such as ISI for industrial goods, Agmark for agricultural produce, FSSAI for food and Hallmark for gold.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style combining high warmth with firm, reasoned control and explanation, associated with good self-esteem, self-regulation and social competence in children.

Secure attachment

A bond in which an infant uses the caregiver as a safe base for exploration and seeks comfort when distressed, developing when caregiving is consistent and responsive.

Parallel play

A play stage of early childhood in which children play side by side with similar materials but without genuine interaction or shared goals.

Erikson's trust stage

The first psychosocial stage in which consistent, responsive care in infancy builds basic trust, while neglect or inconsistency fosters mistrust.

ICDS

Integrated Child Development Services, a government programme providing supplementary nutrition, immunisation, health check-ups, referral and preschool education through anganwadi centres.

Levels of prevention

Primary prevention stops disease before onset, secondary prevention detects and treats it early, and tertiary prevention limits disability and restores function.

Faecal-oral transmission

Spread of pathogens from contaminated faeces to the mouth through unsafe water, food, hands or flies, prevented by sanitation, handwashing and safe drinking water.

Exclusive breastfeeding

Feeding an infant only breast milk, with no water, other liquids or foods, for the first six months, followed by complementary feeding with continued breastfeeding.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it, forming the site of gas exchange in the lungs.

Insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose by promoting its uptake into cells and storage as glycogen, and whose deficiency causes diabetes.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood, reabsorbs useful substances and secretes wastes to form urine.

Operant conditioning

Skinner's learning principle in which behaviour is strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment, shaping voluntary actions through consequences.

Socialisation

The process through which individuals learn the norms, values, roles and skills of their society, mainly through family, school, peers and media.

Law of demand

The economic principle that, other factors remaining constant, quantity demanded of a good rises when its price falls and falls when its price rises.

Burning test

A fibre identification method observing flame behaviour and odour: cotton smells of burning paper, wool of burnt hair, and synthetics melt into a hard bead.

24-hour recall

A diet survey method in which a respondent reports all foods and drinks consumed in the previous 24 hours, quick to administer but dependent on memory.