UPPSC AE Electrical cheat sheet

Transformer EMF: E = 4.44 f N Φm; the 4.44 factor comes from the RMS value of a sinusoidal flux wave, so E/f is constant for a given core - the basis of constant V/f control.

Three-phase power: P = √3 VL IL cos φ; for a balanced delta load, phase current = line current/√3, while phase voltage equals line voltage.

Induction motor: synchronous speed Ns = 120f/P; slip s = (Ns − Nr)/Ns; rotor frequency = s·f; maximum torque occurs at s = R2/X2 and is independent of rotor resistance.

DC machines: generated EMF Eg = (PΦNZ)/(60A); for a shunt generator A = P (lap) and A = 2 (wave); torque T = 0.159 Φ I Z (P/A) N·m.

Per-unit system: Zpu = Zactual/Zbase, with Zbase = kV²base/MVAbase for three-phase; per-unit impedance is identical on either side of an ideal transformer.

Symmetrical components: positive, negative and zero sequence; zero-sequence currents flow only through a neutral return, so an ungrounded star point blocks them.

Cable and transmission line: surge impedance Zc = √(L/C); SIL = V²L/Zc; Ferranti effect raises receiving-end voltage above sending-end voltage on lightly loaded long lines.

Protection decision rule: overcurrent relays for overload/fault clearing, differential protection for transformer and busbar unit protection, distance relays for long transmission lines.

Measurement: a wattmeter reads V·I·cos φ only when its pressure coil is purely resistive; two-wattmeter method gives total P = W1 + W2 and tan φ = √3(W1 − W2)/(W1 + W2).

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); the Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) is called the heart and soul of the Constitution by Ambedkar.

Uttar Pradesh shares boundaries with eight states and one union territory; its capital is Lucknow and the High Court is at Prayagraj (Allahabad).

The Ganga enters UP near Bijnor and the Yamuna near Saharanpur; the confluence at Prayagraj is the Sangam, and the Chambal meets the Yamuna in the Etawah–Bhind region.

Basic SI and science facts: speed of light ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s, acceleration due to gravity ≈ 9.8 m/s², and the unit of power is the watt (J/s).

Indian economy: the Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 and nationalised in 1949; monetary policy is set by the Monetary Policy Committee, whose inflation target is 4% ± 2%.

Current affairs rule: for a dated exam, verify appointments, schemes and indices against the official exam notification's cut-off date rather than memory.

Environment and geography: the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, and Rajasthan is India's largest state by area while UP is the most populous.

संधि: स्वर संधि में दो स्वर मिलते हैं; व्यंजन संधि में व्यंजन का स्वर या व्यंजन से मेल होता है; विसर्ग संधि में विसर्ग का 'र' या 'ओ' हो जाता है।

समास: तत्पुरुष में उत्तर पद प्रधान होता है, द्वंद्व में दोनों पद प्रधान, बहुव्रीहि में कोई पद प्रधान नहीं, और अव्ययीभाव में पूर्व पद अव्यय होता है।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है; प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है; कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से और तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा/विशेषण से बनते हैं।

वाक्य शुद्धि: कर्ता और क्रिया के लिंग-वचन में अन्वय आवश्यक है; 'ने' के साथ सकर्मक भूतकाल में क्रिया पुल्लिंग एकवचन रहती है।

मुहावरे अर्थ सहित प्रयोग करें, शब्दशः अर्थ न लें; लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य होती है और मुहावरा वाक्यांश।

रस और अलंकार: वीर रस का स्थायी भाव उत्साह है, करुण रस का शोक; अनुप्रास में वर्ण की आवृत्ति और उपमा में 'सा/सी/सम' वाचक शब्द होते हैं।

अपठित गद्यांश में उत्तर गद्यांश के भीतर से ही लें; बाहरी ज्ञान या अनुमान से विकल्प न चुनें।

Subject–verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each, every, neither, either' are singular; collective nouns take a singular verb when acting as a unit.

Tense sequencing: after 'if' in a hypothetical condition use past subjunctive ('If I were'), and after 'had' use the past participle, not the simple past.

Articles: 'a/an' before singular countable nouns, 'the' for unique or already specified nouns, and no article before uncountable nouns used generally.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two; 'comprise' takes no 'of'.

Voice and narration: passive voice requires a transitive verb; in reported speech, present tense shifts to past and 'this' becomes 'that' when the reporting verb is past.

Common confusions: 'affect' (verb) vs 'effect' (noun); 'principal' (main/head) vs 'principle' (rule); 'stationary' (still) vs 'stationery' (writing material).

Idioms are tested by fixed meaning, not literal words: 'to bite the dust' means to fail or die, and 'a bolt from the blue' means an unexpected shock.