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UPPSC RO/ARO practice questions

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Question 1General Studies

The Preamble to the Constitution of India declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. The words 'socialist' and 'secular' were inserted by which amendment?

  1. The 44th Amendment, 1978
  2. The 52nd Amendment, 1985
  3. The 42nd Amendment, 1976 Correct answer.
  4. The 24th Amendment, 1971

Explanation

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976, enacted during the Emergency, added the words 'socialist' and 'secular' to the Preamble along with 'integrity' in the phrase 'unity and integrity of the Nation'. It is the most sweeping amendment in terms of the number of changes made to the Constitution.

Question 2General Studies

Which Article of the Constitution of India abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form?

  1. Article 17 Correct answer.
  2. Article 18
  3. Article 15
  4. Article 16

Explanation

Article 17 abolishes untouchability and makes its practice in any form an offence punishable by law. It is one of the few fundamental rights enforceable against private individuals as well as the State.

Question 3General Studies

The Finance Commission of India is constituted under which Article of the Constitution?

  1. Article 324
  2. Article 263
  3. Article 356
  4. Article 280 Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission constituted by the President every fifth year or earlier, to recommend the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States and the principles governing grants-in-aid.

Question 4General Studies

Which of the following is a Kharif crop in India?

  1. Mustard
  2. Wheat
  3. Gram
  4. Bajra Correct answer.

Explanation

Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the south-west monsoon in June-July and harvested in autumn; bajra (pearl millet) is a classic Kharif crop of semi-arid regions. Wheat, mustard and gram are Rabi crops sown in winter.

Question 5General Studies

The Tropic of Cancer passes through how many Indian States?

  1. Six
  2. Eight Correct answer.
  3. Seven
  4. Nine

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer at 23°30' N passes through eight Indian States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It does not pass through any Union Territory.

Question 6General Studies

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was fought between the forces of the English East India Company and which ruler?

  1. Shah Alam II
  2. Siraj-ud-Daulah Correct answer.
  3. Mir Qasim
  4. Tipu Sultan

Explanation

Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757 with the help of Mir Jafar's defection, which established Company political power in Bengal.

Question 7General Studies

The Governor-General who introduced the policy of 'Doctrine of Lapse' in India was:

  1. Lord Canning
  2. Lord Dalhousie Correct answer.
  3. Lord Curzon
  4. Lord William Bentinck

Explanation

Lord Dalhousie (1848-56) applied the Doctrine of Lapse, under which dependent States without a natural heir lapsed to the Company, leading to annexations such as Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.

Question 8General Studies

Which of the following is a fundamental duty of citizens under Article 51A of the Constitution?

  1. To serve in the armed forces
  2. To vote in elections
  3. To protect and improve the natural environment Correct answer.
  4. To pay taxes honestly

Explanation

Article 51A(g) casts a fundamental duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Question 9General Studies

The 'Basic Structure' doctrine of the Indian Constitution was propounded by the Supreme Court in which case?

  1. Golaknath v. State of Punjab
  2. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
  3. Minerva Mills v. Union of India
  4. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala Correct answer.

Explanation

In Kesavananda Bharati (1973) a thirteen-judge Bench held that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its basic structure, such as supremacy of the Constitution, secularism and judicial review. This doctrine was later reaffirmed and expanded in Minerva Mills.

Question 10General Studies

Which State of India has the longest coastline?

  1. Maharashtra
  2. Tamil Nadu
  3. Andhra Pradesh
  4. Gujarat Correct answer.

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest coastline among Indian States, extending over roughly 1,600 km along the Arabian Sea, including the Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Khambhat. Its indented coast and numerous ports account for this length.

Question 11General Studies

The 'Green Revolution' in India was most closely associated with which crop?

  1. Pulses
  2. Rice
  3. Wheat Correct answer.
  4. Oilseeds

Explanation

The Green Revolution of the late 1960s relied on high-yielding dwarf varieties of wheat developed with international collaboration and adopted most successfully in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Its impact on pulses and oilseeds was far more limited.

Question 12General Studies

Which of the following is a non-constitutional body of the Government of India?

  1. Comptroller and Auditor General
  2. Union Public Service Commission
  3. Election Commission of India
  4. NITI Aayog Correct answer.

Explanation

NITI Aayog was created by an executive resolution of the Union Cabinet in 2015 and has no constitutional or statutory basis. The UPSC, CAG and Election Commission are all established by specific Articles of the Constitution.

Question 13General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Pleasure' in Indian administrative law applies to:

  1. Members of the Election Commission
  2. Members of the All India Services
  3. Civil servants of the Union and States Correct answer.
  4. Judges of the Supreme Court

Explanation

Article 310 embodies the doctrine of pleasure, under which civil servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor. Article 311 carves out safeguards requiring inquiry before dismissal, removal or reduction in rank, so the doctrine is not absolute.

Question 14General Studies

Which of the following writs is issued to a public authority to compel the performance of a duty that it has refused to perform?

  1. Mandamus Correct answer.
  2. Habeas Corpus
  3. Quo Warranto
  4. Certiorari

Explanation

Mandamus is a command directing a person or body holding a public office to perform a public duty that the law imposes and which has been refused or neglected. It cannot ordinarily be issued against a private individual or the President and Governors.

Question 15General Studies

The Panchayati Raj system was given constitutional status by which amendment?

  1. The 61st Amendment, 1988
  2. The 74th Amendment, 1992
  3. The 65th Amendment, 1990
  4. The 73rd Amendment, 1992 Correct answer.

Explanation

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 inserted Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule, giving constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions with a three-tier structure and mandatory elections every five years.

Question 16General Studies

The Indian monsoon is best described as which type of climate phenomenon?

  1. A local convectional rainfall pattern
  2. A periodic reversal of wind direction with seasonal rainfall Correct answer.
  3. A permanent east-to-west wind system
  4. A cyclonic storm system confined to the Bay of Bengal

Explanation

The monsoon is characterised by a seasonal reversal of wind direction: moist south-west winds bring rain in summer and dry north-east winds prevail in winter. This seasonal reversal, driven by differential heating of land and sea, distinguishes it from trade winds or local convection.

Question 17General Studies

Which of the following pairs of Indian dance form and State is correctly matched?

  1. Odissi - Andhra Pradesh
  2. Kathakali - Tamil Nadu
  3. Sattriya - Assam Correct answer.
  4. Kuchipudi - Odisha

Explanation

Sattriya is the classical dance form of Assam, developed in the Vaishnava satras of the region and recognised as a classical dance in 2000. The other pairs mismatch the form with its State of origin.

Question 18General Studies

The Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in which year?

  1. 1969
  2. 1947
  3. 1949 Correct answer.
  4. 1935

Explanation

The RBI began operations in 1935 as a private shareholders' bank and was nationalised on 1 January 1949, shortly after independence. The 1969 event often confused with it is the nationalisation of fourteen major commercial banks.

Question 19General Studies

In the context of the Indian Constitution, the term 'State' under Article 12 includes which of the following?

  1. Only statutory bodies created by Parliament
  2. Local authorities and other authorities within India or under Government control Correct answer.
  3. Only public sector undertakings owned wholly by the Government
  4. Only the Union and State Governments

Explanation

Article 12 defines 'State' broadly to include the Government and Parliament of India, State Governments and legislatures, all local authorities, and other authorities within India or under the control of the Government of India. Courts have read 'other authorities' to cover bodies with substantial public functions or deep state control.

Question 20General Studies

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of the Indian budget process?

  1. General discussion, presentation, appropriation bill, voting on demands, finance bill
  2. Presentation, appropriation bill, general discussion, finance bill, voting on demands
  3. Presentation, general discussion, scrutiny by departmental committees, voting on demands, appropriation bill, finance bill Correct answer.
  4. Presentation, voting on demands, general discussion, appropriation bill, finance bill

Explanation

The budget is first presented, then subjected to a general discussion, referred to departmental standing committees for scrutiny, followed by voting on demands for grants, passage of the Appropriation Bill and finally the Finance Bill to authorise taxation.

Question 21General Studies

The concept of 'Rule of Law' as expounded in the Indian constitutional context is most directly reflected in which provision?

  1. Article 44, uniform civil code
  2. Article 21, protection of life and personal liberty
  3. Article 32, right to constitutional remedies
  4. Article 14, equality before law Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 14 embodies the rule of law by guaranteeing equality before the law and equal protection of the laws, thereby denying arbitrariness and special privilege. Dicey's formulation of the rule of law is chiefly captured by this guarantee of equality and the absence of arbitrary power.

Question 22General Studies

Which of the following statements about the National Green Tribunal is correct?

  1. It was established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and hears only civil cases
  2. It was established by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 and is not bound by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Correct answer.
  3. It functions as a division of the Supreme Court for environmental matters
  4. It can adjudicate criminal offences under the Indian Penal Code

Explanation

The NGT was created by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 and is guided by principles of natural justice rather than the Code of Civil Procedure, though it is not bound by the latter's procedure. It deals with civil cases involving environmental disputes and has appellate and original jurisdiction under environmental statutes.

Question 23General Studies

The 'demographic dividend' in India refers to:

  1. A rise in the dependency ratio caused by an ageing population
  2. A government scheme for family planning and population control
  3. The migration of rural workers to urban areas
  4. An economic advantage arising from a large working-age population relative to dependents Correct answer.

Explanation

The demographic dividend is the potential economic growth that arises when a country's working-age population grows faster than its dependent population, lowering the dependency ratio. Realising it requires adequate jobs, skills and health investment, otherwise it becomes a demographic burden.

Question 24General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Eclipse' in Indian constitutional law applies to:

  1. Pre-constitutional laws that become inconsistent with a fundamental right Correct answer.
  2. Post-constitutional laws that violate a directive principle
  3. Administrative orders passed without jurisdiction
  4. Taxation statutes that conflict with State legislative lists

Explanation

The doctrine of eclipse holds that a pre-constitutional law inconsistent with a fundamental right is not void ab initio but remains dormant, overshadowed by the right. If the inconsistency is removed by a constitutional amendment, the law revives and becomes enforceable again.

Question 25General Studies

A candidate for the office of President of India must satisfy which of the following conditions?

  1. Must have completed 35 years of age and be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha Correct answer.
  2. Must be nominated by at least ten Members of Parliament
  3. Must be a member of either House of Parliament
  4. Must be a Governor of a State at the time of election

Explanation

Article 58 requires a Presidential candidate to be a citizen of India, to have completed 35 years of age, and to be qualified for election as a member of the House of the People. The candidate must not hold any office of profit.

Question 26General Studies

The Tropic of Cancer passes through how many States of India?

  1. Eight Correct answer.
  2. Seven
  3. Nine
  4. Six

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer (about 23.5°N) crosses eight Indian States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It does not pass through any Union Territory, which is why the count of States is eight.

Question 27General Studies

Which soil type of India is formed by the deposition of fine silt in the flood plains of rivers and is described as 'khaddar' when new and 'bhangar' when old?

  1. Black soil
  2. Laterite soil
  3. Alluvial soil Correct answer.
  4. Red soil

Explanation

Alluvial soil is transported and deposited by rivers; the newer, fertile deposits near the riverbed are khaddar, while the older, higher terraces are bhangar. Black soil is derived from lava, laterite from intense leaching in humid tropics, and red soil from crystalline rocks.

Question 28General Studies

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on which date?

  1. 26 November 1949 Correct answer.
  2. 15 August 1947
  3. 9 December 1946
  4. 26 January 1950

Explanation

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, a date now observed as Constitution Day. It came into force on 26 January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day.

Question 29General Studies

Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?

  1. Article 15
  2. Article 19
  3. Article 17 Correct answer.
  4. Article 16

Explanation

Article 17 abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 gives it teeth. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds such as caste, and Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in public employment.

Question 30General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Lapse' was used by the East India Company to annex which of the following States?

  1. Punjab
  2. Satara Correct answer.
  3. Mysore
  4. Awadh

Explanation

Satara was annexed in 1848 under the Doctrine of Lapse, which denied adopted heirs the throne. Awadh was annexed in 1856 on grounds of misgovernment, Punjab was conquered after the Sikh Wars, and Mysore was annexed in 1831 on charges of misrule.

Question 31General Studies

The Quit India Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in which year?

  1. 1930
  2. 1939
  3. 1940
  4. 1942 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Quit India Movement began in August 1942 after the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay. The British responded by arresting the entire Congress leadership, and Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die'.

Question 32General Studies

Which body is responsible for conducting elections to the office of the President of India?

  1. The Supreme Court of India
  2. The Union Cabinet
  3. The Rajya Sabha Secretariat
  4. The Election Commission of India Correct answer.

Explanation

The Election Commission of India conducts elections to Parliament, State legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President. The Supreme Court only adjudicates disputes arising from such elections, and the Rajya Sabha Secretariat merely acts as the returning officer's office for the electoral college.

Question 33General Studies

Which of the following is the SI unit of the amount of substance?

  1. Mole Correct answer.
  2. Ampere
  3. Candela
  4. Kelvin

Explanation

The mole is the SI base unit for the amount of substance and contains the Avogadro number of elementary entities. Candela measures luminous intensity, kelvin measures thermodynamic temperature, and ampere measures electric current.

Question 34General Studies

In the Indian Constitution, the 'Annual Financial Statement' placed before Parliament under Article 112 is commonly known as the:

  1. Appropriation Bill
  2. Union Budget Correct answer.
  3. Supplementary Grant
  4. Finance Bill

Explanation

Article 112 requires the President to cause the Annual Financial Statement, the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India, to be laid before both Houses, and this document is popularly called the Union Budget. The Appropriation Bill authorises withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund, and the Finance Bill carries tax proposals.

Question 35General Studies

A Bill passed by both Houses of Parliament is presented to the President for assent. Which of the following options can the President lawfully exercise with respect to a Money Bill?

  1. Refer it to the Supreme Court for advisory opinion
  2. Return it once to Parliament for reconsideration
  3. Either give or withhold assent, but not return it for reconsideration Correct answer.
  4. Withhold assent indefinitely

Explanation

For a Money Bill the President has no power to return it for reconsideration; he may only declare assent or withhold it. The power to return a Bill for reconsideration under Article 111 applies to non-Money Bills, and the Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction under Article 143 is invoked by the President on questions of law or fact, not as a stage of assent.

Question 36General Studies

Which of the following is the largest gland in the human body?

  1. Pancreas
  2. Liver Correct answer.
  3. Thyroid
  4. Pituitary

Explanation

The liver is the largest gland and the largest internal organ, weighing about 1.5 kg in adults, and it secretes bile. The pancreas is a mixed gland, while the thyroid and pituitary are much smaller endocrine glands.

Question 37General Studies

Which of the following rivers does not originate in India and enters the country from Tibet?

  1. Mahanadi
  2. Brahmaputra Correct answer.
  3. Narmada
  4. Godavari

Explanation

The Brahmaputra rises near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet as the Tsangpo, enters India in Arunachal Pradesh as the Siang and is called the Brahmaputra in Assam. The Godavari, Narmada and Mahanadi all rise within peninsular India.

Question 38General Studies

The 'Zero Hour' in Indian parliamentary practice refers to:

  1. The time immediately following Question Hour when members raise matters without prior notice Correct answer.
  2. The time reserved for the Budget speech
  3. The period when the House is adjourned for want of quorum
  4. The first hour of every sitting devoted to questions

Explanation

Zero Hour begins immediately after Question Hour and is an Indian innovation not mentioned in the Rules of Procedure; members raise urgent matters without prior notice. Question Hour is the first hour for questions, and quorum is a separate procedural requirement.

Question 39General Studies

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the atmosphere from the Earth's surface upwards?

  1. Troposphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Thermosphere
  2. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere Correct answer.
  3. Mesosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Stratosphere
  4. Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

Explanation

The atmosphere is layered by temperature behaviour: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, with the exosphere beyond. The ozone layer lies in the stratosphere, while most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere.

Question 40General Studies

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was enacted primarily to:

  1. Introduce dyarchy in the provinces
  2. Transfer the capital from Calcutta to Delhi
  3. Allow detention without trial for seditious activities Correct answer.
  4. Extend separate electorates to Sikhs

Explanation

The Rowlatt Act empowered the government to arrest and detain persons suspected of sedition without trial, earning it the name 'no dalil, no vakil, no appeal'. Dyarchy was introduced by the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and separate electorates by the Government of India Act 1919, while the capital shift was announced in 1911.

Question 41General Studies

The Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985, was primarily aimed at:

  1. Constructing dams on the Ganga for irrigation
  2. Protecting the Gangetic dolphin alone
  3. Linking the Ganga with the Yamuna
  4. Reducing pollution in the Ganga and improving its water quality Correct answer.

Explanation

The Ganga Action Plan was the first major river-cleaning programme in India, focused on interception, diversion and treatment of sewage entering the river. It was later subsumed into the National River Conservation Plan, and the Namami Gange programme of 2014 continued similar objectives.

Question 42General Studies

A sum of money becomes double in 8 years at simple interest. What is the annual rate of interest?

  1. 10 per cent
  2. 15 per cent
  3. 12.5 per cent Correct answer.
  4. 8 per cent

Explanation

For simple interest, doubling means the interest equals the principal, so SI = P. Using SI = P × R × T / 100 with T = 8 gives R = 100/8 = 12.5 per cent per annum.

Question 43General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Pleasure' in Indian administrative law is constitutionally qualified by which provision?

  1. Article 315
  2. Article 312
  3. Article 311 Correct answer.
  4. Article 310 alone

Explanation

Article 310 embodies the pleasure doctrine, under which civil servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor. Article 311 restricts this by requiring a reasonable opportunity of being heard before dismissal, removal or reduction in rank. Article 312 deals with All India Services and Article 315 with Public Service Commissions.

Question 44General Studies

Which of the following statements about the Finance Commission of India is correct?

  1. It recommends the salary of the Comptroller and Auditor General
  2. It has appellate jurisdiction over tax disputes
  3. It is constituted every fifth year under Article 280 Correct answer.
  4. It is a permanent body chaired by the Finance Minister

Explanation

Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission every fifth year or earlier, and it recommends the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Union and States and principles governing grants-in-aid. It is an advisory body, not a tribunal, and the salary of the CAG is fixed by Parliament.

Question 45General Studies

The 'Pitt's India Act' of 1784 is significant because it:

  1. Introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal
  2. Abolished the East India Company's monopoly on trade with China
  3. Created a Board of Control to supervise the Company's political affairs Correct answer.
  4. Transferred the administration of Bengal to the Crown

Explanation

Pitt's India Act 1784 established a Board of Control in Britain to supervise the Company's political and military affairs, creating the dual system of control. The Regulating Act of 1773 had earlier brought the Company under parliamentary supervision, and the Permanent Settlement followed in 1793.

Question 46General Studies

A candidate for the office of Vice-President of India must satisfy which of the following conditions?

  1. He must be a member of the Rajya Sabha
  2. He must have completed 35 years of age Correct answer.
  3. He must be a member of the Council of Ministers
  4. He must be a sitting Governor

Explanation

Under Article 66, the Vice-President must be a citizen of India, at least 35 years of age, and qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha. Membership of the Rajya Sabha, a governorship or a ministerial post is not required, though a sitting member must vacate the seat on election.

Question 47General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Eclipse' in Indian constitutional law means that:

  1. Fundamental rights are suspended during a national emergency
  2. A pre-constitutional law inconsistent with fundamental rights becomes dormant and revives if the inconsistency is removed Correct answer.
  3. A post-constitutional law is void ab initio from the date of enactment
  4. A law is invalidated only for the territory of one State

Explanation

The doctrine, applied in cases such as Bhikaji Narain Dhakras, holds that a pre-constitutional law inconsistent with a fundamental right is not dead but overshadowed by the right, and becomes enforceable again if the inconsistency disappears through amendment. A post-constitutional law inconsistent with a fundamental right is void from inception under Article 13(2).

Question 48General Studies

Which of the following pairs of Indian classical dance form and its traditional State of origin is correctly matched?

  1. Sattriya - Assam Correct answer.
  2. Kathakali - Tamil Nadu
  3. Odissi - Bihar
  4. Kuchipudi - Kerala

Explanation

Sattriya originated in the Vaishnava monasteries of Assam and was codified by Sankardeva. Kathakali belongs to Kerala, Odissi to Odisha and Kuchipudi to Andhra Pradesh.

Question 49General Studies

The 'Doctrine of Basic Structure' has been applied by the Supreme Court to strike down which of the following constitutional amendments?

  1. The 52nd Amendment's anti-defection provisions
  2. The 42nd Amendment's clause giving primacy to the Lok Sabha in the appointment of judges
  3. The 73rd Amendment on Panchayati Raj
  4. The 39th Amendment's provision placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review Correct answer.

Explanation

In Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, the Supreme Court struck down the provision of the 39th Amendment that took the election of the Prime Minister and Speaker out of judicial scrutiny, holding judicial review to be part of the basic structure. The 42nd Amendment's judicial primacy clause was later modified, the anti-defection law was upheld, and Panchayati Raj was upheld as a valid constitutional change.

Question 50General Studies

Consider a State where the Governor reserves a Bill for the consideration of the President. Which of the following statements is correct?

  1. The Bill automatically becomes law after six months if the President does not act
  2. The President may give assent, withhold assent, or direct the Governor to return the Bill to the State Legislature Correct answer.
  3. The President must return the Bill to the State Legislature within six months
  4. The President can only give assent because the Bill has already been passed by the State Legislature

Explanation

Under Article 201, when a Bill is reserved for the President's consideration, the President may assent, withhold assent, or direct the Governor to return the Bill for reconsideration by the State Legislature. If it is returned and repassed, the President is not bound to give assent, and there is no automatic enactment.