UPSSSC Lower PCS key terms

The tract of land lying between two converging rivers. In Uttar Pradesh it usually means the fertile Ganga–Yamuna plain, a densely populated belt that includes districts such as Prayagraj, Kanpur and Etawah.

Newer alluvium deposited by rivers on their flood plains during annual floods. It is sandy, light-coloured and renewed each year, which makes it highly fertile for cereals, sugarcane and pulses.

Older alluvium forming the higher, drier terrace above a river's flood plain. It contains calcareous nodules called kankar, is less fertile than khadar, and is not refreshed by fresh floods.

A Buddhist site about ten kilometres from Varanasi where the Buddha delivered his first sermon. Its Dhamek Stupa and Ashokan lion capital, now India's national emblem, make it a key archaeological and pilgrimage centre.

A Uttar Pradesh scheme launched in 2018 that picks a signature craft or product for each district and supports its makers through branding, training, credit and marketing so that local employment grows.

The UP Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, removed intermediaries between the state and cultivators, gave land to tenants and abolished large landed estates, reshaping rural landholding and revenue administration.

A Uttar Pradesh cash-transfer scheme for girls begun in 2019. Families receive staged payments from the girl's birth through school and graduation, aiming to discourage female foeticide and promote education.

दो वर्णों या ध्वनियों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय में आ + आ मिलकर आ हो जाता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं। जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र, यहाँ तत्पुरुष समास है।

वे शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देते हैं, उपसर्ग कहलाते हैं। जैसे 'प्र' + 'हार' = प्रहार।

मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़ने वाले शब्दांश प्रत्यय कहलाते हैं; ये शब्द का अर्थ या पद-भेद बदलते हैं, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

तत्सम शब्द संस्कृत से बिना बदलाव लिए गए हैं, जैसे अग्नि; तद्भव उनका बदला हुआ रूप है, जैसे आग। यह भेद शब्द-भंडार के प्रश्नों में पूछा जाता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ के बजाय लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, मुहावरा कहलाता है। जैसे 'आँखों में धूल झोंकना' का अर्थ धोखा देना है।

किसी लंबे वाक्यांश के अर्थ को एक ही शब्द में व्यक्त करने की क्रिया; जैसे 'जो कभी न मरे' के लिए अमर। प्रश्न में वाक्यांश दिया जाता है और एक शब्द चुनना होता है।

वाक्य में क्रिया के साथ संज्ञा या सर्वनाम का संबंध बताने वाले चिह्न कारक कहलाते हैं; ये आठ हैं, जैसे कर्ता में 'ने' और कर्म में 'को'।

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person. A singular subject takes a singular verb, and phrases placed between subject and verb do not change this, as in 'The list of items is long'.

A verb combined with a preposition or adverb that together carry a meaning different from the verb alone, such as 'give up' meaning to quit or 'put off' meaning to postpone.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'a piece of cake' for something easy. Idioms are tested through meaning, usage and matching questions.

Voice shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. In active voice the subject performs the action; in passive voice the object becomes subject and the verb takes a past-participle form with 'be'.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks; indirect speech reports them without quotes, changing pronouns, tense and time words, as in 'He said that he was busy'.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, written with the % sign. To convert a fraction to a percentage multiply by 100; to find a percentage of a number, multiply by the rate and divide by 100.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using SI = P × R × T / 100, where P is principal, R the annual rate and T the time in years. It earns no interest on interest.

Interest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so the amount grows each period. The amount is P(1 + R/100)^T and compound interest is that amount minus the principal.

The highest common factor is the largest number dividing two or more numbers exactly; the lowest common multiple is the smallest number that they all divide. For two numbers, HCF × LCM equals their product.

Profit is selling price minus cost price when the result is positive, and loss when it is negative. Both are normally expressed as a percentage of the cost price, not of the selling price.

The measurement of lengths, areas and volumes of plane and solid figures. Formulas for rectangles, triangles, circles, cylinders and spheres are applied to find perimeter, area, surface area or capacity.

Reading information from tables, bar graphs, pie charts or line graphs and answering questions based on it. The work usually involves ratios, percentages and averages drawn from the given figures.

A question that gives a pair of related items and asks for a second pair with the same relationship, such as 'Doctor : Hospital :: Teacher : School'. The underlying relationship must be identified first.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding 3, multiplying by 2, or squaring consecutive integers. The candidate finds the rule and supplies the missing or wrong term.

Questions where words or letters are converted into a code by a fixed rule, such as shifting each letter forward by two places, and the candidate must decode a given word or encode a new one.

Problems describing family relationships in words or symbols, where the candidate works out how two people are related, often by drawing a family tree and fixing each person's gender.

A logic question giving two or more statements treated as true, plus conclusions, and asking which conclusions follow necessarily. Venn diagrams are the standard way to test the possibilities.

The central processing unit is the chip that executes instructions. It fetches, decodes and carries out program steps, its speed is measured in gigahertz, and it is often called the brain of the computer.

Random access memory is the computer's fast, volatile working memory. Open programs and files sit there while in use, and its contents are lost when power is switched off, unlike stored data.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files and programs and gives the user an interface, such as Windows, Linux or Android. Application programs run on top of it.

A graphical user interface lets users work with windows, icons, menus and a pointer instead of typing commands. Desktop systems and smartphones both depend on it for everyday use.

The address of a cell in a spreadsheet, formed from its column letter and row number, such as B7. It is used in formulas and may be relative, absolute or mixed.

A uniform resource locator is the address typed to reach a resource on the web, such as https://example.com/page. It names the protocol, the server and the path to the file.

A numeric label assigned to a device on a network so that data can be routed to it. IPv4 addresses look like 192.168.1.1, while IPv6 uses longer hexadecimal groups.