WBCHSE Science of Well Being flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

WHO definition of health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, adopted by WHO in 1948.

Hedonic vs eudaimonic well-being

Hedonic well-being emphasises pleasure, positive affect and life satisfaction; eudaimonic well-being emphasises meaning, purpose, self-realisation and positive functioning.

Ryff's model

Six dimensions of eudaimonic well-being: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth.

Body mass index

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Adult WHO categories: underweight below 18.5, normal 18.5 to 24.9, overweight 25 to 29.9, obese 30 and above.

Physical activity guideline

Adults should accumulate 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity weekly, plus muscle-strengthening exercise at least twice weekly.

Central obesity marker

Waist circumference indicating abdominal fat risk: above 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women, with lower South Asian cut-offs of 90 cm and 80 cm.

Macronutrient energy values

Energy yield per gram: carbohydrate 4 kcal, protein 4 kcal, fat 9 kcal, alcohol about 7 kcal. Fat is the most energy-dense macronutrient.

Glycaemic index

A ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods by how quickly they raise blood glucose. Low-GI foods such as legumes and whole grains produce slower, smaller rises.

Micronutrient deficiency disorders

Classic deficiency diseases: iron causes anaemia, iodine causes goitre and cretinism, vitamin A causes night blindness, vitamin D causes rickets in children.

Balanced diet

A diet supplying adequate energy and all essential nutrients from varied food groups, including about 25 to 30 grams of fibre daily for adults.

Anhedonia

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities normally enjoyed. It is a core feature of depression, alongside persistent low mood lasting at least two weeks.

Mental-health first aid

A structured response to someone in distress: assess and address risk, listen non-judgementally, reassure, encourage professional help and encourage self-help strategies.

Stigma in mental health

Negative labelling, stereotyping and discrimination attached to mental illness, which reduces help-seeking and social inclusion. Person-first language helps counter it.

Lazarus appraisal model

Stress results from primary appraisal of an event as threatening and secondary appraisal of one's resources as insufficient to cope with it.

General adaptation syndrome

Selye's three-stage stress response: alarm (initial mobilisation), resistance (adaptation to the stressor) and exhaustion (depletion when stress persists).

Eustress versus distress

Eustress is positive, motivating stress that improves performance; distress is prolonged or overwhelming stress that harms health and functioning.

Problem-focused coping

Coping that directly acts on the stressor through planning, problem-solving or changing the situation, contrasted with emotion-focused coping that regulates the emotional response.

Active listening

A listening style using full attention, no interruption, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings and clarifying questions to confirm understanding of the speaker's message.

Assertiveness

A communication style that expresses one's needs and boundaries honestly and respectfully, using behaviour-impact-request statements, without being passive or aggressive.

Thomas-Kilmann conflict modes

Five conflict-handling styles based on assertiveness and cooperativeness: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding and accommodating. Collaborating suits important long-term relationships.

Social support types

Four kinds of support: emotional (care and reassurance), instrumental (practical help), informational (advice and guidance) and appraisal (feedback for self-evaluation).

Goleman's EI model

Five emotional intelligence components: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills, applied to understanding and managing emotions in oneself and others.

Johari Window

A self-awareness model with four quadrants: open, blind, hidden and unknown. Feedback reduces the blind area; self-disclosure reduces the hidden area.

Self-efficacy

Bandura's term for belief in one's capability to perform a task, built through mastery experiences, vicarious modelling, social persuasion and managing emotional arousal.

Growth mindset

Dweck's concept that abilities are malleable and develop through effort, strategy and feedback, contrasted with a fixed mindset that treats ability as static.

Kohlberg's moral stages

Three levels of moral reasoning: pre-conventional (punishment and self-interest), conventional (social approval and law) and post-conventional (universal ethical principles).

Character strengths and virtues

Peterson and Seligman classify 24 character strengths under six virtues: wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence.

Integrity

Consistency between one's stated values and actual behaviour. The value-action gap describes the discrepancy between professed values and conduct.

Ashtanga yoga limbs

Patanjali's eight limbs: yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi, progressing from ethical conduct to meditative absorption.

Five yamas

Ethical restraints in yoga: ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (moderation) and aparigraha (non-possessiveness).

Surya Namaskar

A sequence of twelve linked yoga postures performed with coordinated breathing, giving a complete body warm-up and cardiovascular and flexibility benefits.

Digital divide

Unequal access to devices, internet connectivity and digital literacy across groups and regions, limiting participation in education, work and services.

Social comparison theory

Festinger's theory that people evaluate themselves by comparing with others; frequent upward comparison on social media can lower self-esteem and body satisfaction.