Iraqi Baccalaureate Islamic flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Makharij al-huruf

The articulation points in the mouth and throat from which Arabic letters are pronounced; correct pronunciation is a condition of valid tajwid recitation.

Idgham

Merging a nun sakinah or tanwin into a following letter among ي ر م ل و ن; ghunnah is kept only with ي and ن.

Qalqalah

An echoing vibration applied to the letters ق ط ب ج د when carrying sukun or ending a verse; the strongest form occurs at the verse end.

Asbab al-nuzul

Reports explaining the occasion or question that prompted a verse's revelation; they clarify context but do not restrict a general wording without evidence.

Tafsir bi al-ma'thur

Interpretation based on transmitted evidence: the Qur'an by the Qur'an, then authentic hadith, then the Companions' statements, then the Arabic language.

Isnad and matn

The isnad is the chain of narrators leading to the text; the matn is the actual wording of the report. Authenticity is judged mainly through the isnad.

Sahih hadith conditions

A connected chain of upright, precise narrators, free from shudhudh (contradiction of a stronger narrator) and from a hidden defect ('illah).

Mutawatir hadith

A report narrated by so many independent chains that agreement on fabrication is impossible; it yields certain knowledge and is not subject to authentication dispute.

Hadith qudsi

A report in which the Prophet conveys words of Allah; its wording is not part of the Qur'an and it is not recited in prayer.

Mursal hadith

A report where a Successor (tabi'i) narrates directly from the Prophet, skipping the Companion link; scholars differ on its evidentiary value.

Tawhid al-uluhiyyah

Affirming that all acts of worship - prayer, supplication, sacrifice, vows - are directed to Allah alone; it is the core message of the messengers.

Qadar

Allah's knowledge, writing, will, and creation of all things; humans still have real choice, so reward and punishment remain just.

Major shirk

Directing any act of worship to other than Allah; it nullifies deeds and removes a person from the fold of Islam unless repented.

Bid'ah in religion

Introducing a practice into worship without supporting evidence; worldly innovations are not blameworthy unless given a religious status.

Wudu' obligations

Washing the face, arms to the elbows, wiping the head, washing the feet, plus intention, order, and continuity; anything exiting the passages nullifies it.

Tayammum

Purification with clean earth when water is unavailable or harmful; one strike covers the face and hands, replacing wudu' or ghusl.

Zakat nisab

The minimum wealth threshold for zakat; cash and trade goods require 2.5% after a lunar year, while rikaz (buried treasure) requires one-fifth.

Hajj pillars

Ihram, standing at 'Arafah, tawaf al-ifadah, and sa'i; omitting any of them invalidates the hajj and requires repeating it.

Prayer arkan

Obligatory components such as takbirat al-ihram, al-Fatihah, bowing, prostration, the final tashahhud, and the closing salam; omitting one invalidates the prayer.

Hijrah

The Prophet's migration from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE; it marks the start of the Hijri calendar and the founding of the Muslim community.

Battle of Badr

The first major battle, in 2 AH, where about 313 Muslims defeated a larger Quraysh force; the Qur'an calls it the Day of Distinction.

Rightly guided caliphs

Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, and 'Ali; their rule followed the Prophet and 'Umar established the Hijri calendar and the diwan.

'Uthman's mushaf

The standardized written Qur'an compiled under 'Uthman to resolve recitation disputes; copies were sent to major cities as the authoritative text.

Ghibah

Mentioning a Muslim's fault in his absence, which the Qur'an likens to eating a dead brother's flesh; it is a major sin of the tongue.

Silat al-rahim

Maintaining ties with relatives through visits, gifts, and kindness; the Qur'an places it alongside worship of Allah and warns against severing it.

Israf

Extravagance in consumption or spending beyond need; the Qur'an forbids it and describes the moderate path as the best.

Amanah

Trustworthiness in duties, money, and secrets; the Prophet was known as al-Amin and the Qur'an commands returning trusts to their owners.

Waqf

A permanent religious endowment of property whose benefit is devoted to charity; it funded mosques, schools, and hospitals in Islamic civilization.

Bayt al-Hikmah

The Abbasid library and translation center in Baghdad where Greek, Persian, and Indian works were translated into Arabic and advanced.

Riba

Interest or usury on loans and exchanges; Islamic finance prohibits it and requires profit based on real assets and shared risk.

Ahl al-Kitab

Jews and Christians, who received earlier scriptures; Islamic law permits their food and marriage to their chaste women under stated conditions.

Maslahah mursalah

Public interest not explicitly addressed by a text, used by jurists to derive rulings on contemporary issues such as bioethics and finance.