Iran Specialty Board - Obstetrics & Gynecology cheat sheet

Ethics, Professionalism, and Health Law

• Informed consent requires capacity, disclosure of risks/benefits/alternatives, comprehension, and voluntariness; document the discussion.

• Emergency exception permits treatment without consent when imminent harm exists and the patient lacks capacity; use the least restrictive intervention.

• Confidentiality may be breached when required by law (reportable diseases, child or elder abuse) or to prevent serious harm.

• Minors: parental consent generally required; exceptions include emancipation, mature minor statutes, and emergency care.

• Reproductive autonomy: counseling must be non-directive; refusal of recommended care by a capacitated patient is respected after documented counseling.

• Conflict of interest: disclose financial relationships; avoid self-referral and gifts that could influence clinical judgment.

• Medical error disclosure: disclose harmful errors promptly, apologize, explain, and document; follow institutional reporting requirements.

• Research ethics: institutional review board approval, informed consent, equipoise, and protection of vulnerable populations.