Iran Orthopedic Surgery Board Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Wolff law

Bone remodels in response to mechanical stress, depositing where stress is high and resorbing where it is low. Explains adaptive changes around implants and after fracture healing.

Hueter-Volkmann law

Compression across a growth plate slows growth, while tension accelerates it. Basis for guided growth and deformity correction in children.

Seddon nerve injury classes

Neurapraxia is reversible conduction block; axonotmesis is axonal loss with intact endoneurium; neurotmesis is complete transection requiring repair.

Damage-control orthopedics

In the physiologically unstable polytrauma patient, temporary external fixation of long-bone and pelvic fractures is followed by definitive fixation after resuscitation.

Lethal triad

Hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy form a self-reinforcing cycle in severe trauma; treatment is damage-control surgery, warming, and blood product resuscitation.

Gustilo-Anderson IIIB

Open fracture with extensive soft-tissue loss and periosteal stripping that requires a local or free flap for coverage.

Compartment syndrome sign

Pain with passive stretch of the compartment muscles is the most reliable early sign; pulselessness and paralysis are late. Fasciotomy is definitive.

Periprosthetic joint infection

Diagnosed by two positive cultures or a sinus tract to the joint; serum CRP and ESR are first-line, and chronic cases need two-stage revision.

Aseptic loosening

Late failure of arthroplasty with a progressive radiolucent line greater than 2 mm and component migration, without infection. Most common late THA failure cause.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Indicated for cuff tear arthropathy and severe glenoid bone loss; reverses the ball-and-socket geometry so the deltoid substitutes for the rotator cuff.

Cauda equina syndrome

Saddle anesthesia, bowel or bladder dysfunction, and bilateral leg weakness from lumbosacral root compression; a surgical emergency requiring urgent decompression.

TLICS score

Thoracolumbar injury classification using fracture morphology, posterior ligamentous complex integrity, and neurologic status; a score above 4 supports operative treatment.

Cobb angle

Angle measured between the superior endplate of the upper end vertebra and the inferior endplate of the lower end vertebra on a coronal radiograph.

Bankart lesion

Detachment of the anteroinferior labrum from the glenoid in anterior shoulder dislocation; associated with recurrent instability.

Lachman test

Knee flexed 20-30 degrees; anterior tibial translation with a soft end point indicates anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Most sensitive ACL test.

Ponseti method

Serial manipulation and casting for clubfoot, followed by Achilles tenotomy when needed and then bracing to maintain correction.

SCFE presentation

Obese adolescent with groin or knee pain and an externally rotated gait; frog-leg lateral radiograph shows the slip; in situ pinning is standard.

Salter-Harris III

Physeal fracture extending through the epiphysis into the joint; it crosses the growth plate and risks growth arrest and articular incongruity.

Zone II flexor tendons

Flexor tendon zone from the distal palmar crease to the middle phalanx; historically no man's land with the worst repair prognosis.

Scaphoid avascular necrosis

Proximal pole fracture has retrograde blood supply, so proximal fragments risk nonunion and avascular necrosis; CT or MRI detects occult fracture.

Thompson test

Squeezing the calf with the patient prone should plantarflex the foot; absence indicates Achilles tendon rupture.

Weber classification

Ankle fracture graded by fibular fracture level relative to the syndesmosis: A below, B at, C above. Higher grades imply greater syndesmotic instability.

Charcot arthropathy

Neuropathic joint destruction in diabetes with midfoot collapse and a rocker-bottom foot; treated with total contact casting and offloading.

Mirels score

Predicts pathologic fracture risk in bone metastases using site, pain, lesion type, and size; a score of 8 or more suggests prophylactic fixation.

Osteoporosis definition

DXA T-score of -2.5 or lower defines osteoporosis; bisphosphonates and denosumab reduce fracture risk.

Osteosarcoma features

Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents; metaphysis of long bones with sunburst periosteal reaction and osteoid matrix.

PJI prevention bundle

Preoperative antibiotics within 60 minutes of incision, normothermia, glucose control, and clipping rather than shaving reduce surgical site infection.

Fat embolism syndrome

After long-bone fractures, hypoxemia, petechiae, and confusion develop; treatment is supportive with oxygen and stabilization.

Transtibial prosthetic socket

Patellar tendon-bearing socket design for below-knee amputation; distributes load over tolerant areas and accommodates the residual limb.

Harris Hip Score

Functional outcome instrument after hip surgery, scoring pain, function, deformity, and range of motion; higher scores indicate better function.

WHO surgical safety checklist

Sign-in, time-out, and sign-out steps reduce wrong-site surgery and retained items; a core patient safety tool in orthopedic operating rooms.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity detects disease when present; specificity excludes it when absent. Positive and negative predictive values also depend on disease prevalence.