Iran Civil Service Exam key terms

The supreme written law of Iran, adopted in 1979 and amended in 1989, which sets out the structure of government, the role of religion in the state, and the rights of citizens.

A twelve-member body that reviews legislation passed by parliament for conformity with Islamic law and the constitution, and supervises elections and referendums.

Iran's unicameral national legislature, whose members are elected by popular vote for four-year terms and which drafts and approves ordinary legislation and the annual budget.

A body convened to resolve deadlocks between parliament and the Guardian Council, deciding cases on the basis of expediency when religious and constitutional review blocks a bill.

The judicial branch, headed by a chief justice appointed by the Supreme Leader, responsible for prosecuting crimes, resolving civil disputes, and supervising the enforcement of judgments.

The principle that legislative, executive, and judicial powers are exercised by separate organs with defined limits, preventing any single authority from concentrating all state functions.

The legally guaranteed entitlements of individuals toward the state, such as equality before the law, freedom of expression within legal limits, and access to public services.

An Islamic legal maxim holding that religious duties are waived or eased when performing them would cause excessive hardship, used to justify exemptions such as breaking a fast while ill.

Systematic independent reasoning by a qualified scholar to derive legal rulings from the Quran and Sunnah, rather than relying on the conclusions of earlier jurists.

The practical rulings of Islamic law covering worship, transactions, and personal conduct, divided into categories such as obligatory, recommended, permitted, discouraged, and forbidden acts.

The paired classification of acts and substances as permitted or prohibited under Islamic law, governing food, drink, contracts, and behavior.

The recorded conduct, decisions, and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime, studied as a normative model alongside the Quran for understanding Islamic practice.

A report of words, actions, or tacit approvals attributed to the Prophet Muhammad or an imam, transmitted through a chain of narrators and used to derive religious rulings.

The chain of narrators listed at the start of a hadith report, whose reliability and continuity scholars examine to judge whether the tradition can be trusted.

The Quranic and legal concept of a later revelation or ruling replacing an earlier one, studied to determine which instruction is currently binding.

The scholarly explanation of Quranic verses, addressing vocabulary, context of revelation, and legal or theological implications, produced in distinct exegetical traditions.

The set of rules for reciting the Quran correctly, covering articulation points of letters, lengthening, nasalization, and pauses.

The science of Persian and Arabic poetic meter, which classifies verse patterns into named meters and lets a reader test whether a line scans correctly.

A specific metrical pattern in classical poetry, such as hazaj or ramal, formed from repeated feet of long and short syllables.

The recurring final sound or syllable shared by lines of a poem, whose consistency defines the rhyme scheme and distinguishes a formal poem from free verse.

A word or phrase repeated immediately after the rhyme at the end of successive lines, a feature common in Persian poetry and absent from most Arabic verse.

A figure of speech that explicitly compares two things using words meaning like or as, stating a shared quality between the compared elements.

A figure of speech in which a word is used for something other than its literal meaning on the basis of resemblance, with the comparison left implicit.

An expression that conveys its intended meaning indirectly through a related literal image, often with ironic or humorous effect.

Prose whose clauses end in matching rhythmic sounds, a stylized form common in classical Persian and Arabic oratory and moral writing.

The study of the distinctive linguistic and rhetorical features of a period, author, or genre, used to date texts and attribute anonymous works.

The decorative and meaning-shaping devices of literary language, including simile, metaphor, irony, and parallelism, identified and analyzed in literary criticism.

The quantitative relationship between two amounts, expressed as a fraction or ratio, used to compare quantities and solve problems involving scaling and sharing.

A ratio expressed as a fraction of one hundred, used to compare changes, discounts, interest, and proportions in quantitative reasoning problems.

The arithmetic average of a set of values, computed by dividing their sum by the count, often used together with median and mode to describe data.

A number between zero and one expressing how likely an event is, calculated for equally likely outcomes as the count of favorable outcomes divided by all outcomes.

Reasoning that moves from specific observations to a general conclusion, where the premises make the conclusion probable but do not guarantee it.

Reasoning from general premises to a necessary conclusion, as in a syllogism where true premises with valid form guarantee the truth of the result.

A flaw in reasoning that makes an argument appear convincing while failing to support its conclusion, such as attacking a person instead of the claim.

A declarative sentence that is either true or false, serving as the basic unit of analysis in propositional logic and truth-table exercises.

The core software that manages hardware resources, schedules processes, and provides services so application programs can run on a computer.

The fast, volatile working memory of a computer where active programs and data reside during execution, distinct from permanent storage such as a hard disk.

Two or more computers connected to exchange data, using protocols such as TCP/IP and hardware such as routers and switches to route traffic.

The protection of data and systems against unauthorized access, alteration, or loss, pursued through measures such as strong passwords, encryption, and regular backups.