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Iran Loss Adjuster Exam study materials
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Iran Loss Adjuster Exam practice questions

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Question 1Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

در بیمه، کدام اصل بیان می‌کند که بیمه‌گزار باید زیان وارده را جبران کند نه اینکه از حادثه سود ببرد؟

  1. اصل غرامت Correct answer.
  2. اصل مشارکت در خسارت
  3. اصل حسن نیت
  4. اصل علت نزدیک

Explanation

اصل غرامت مقرر می‌دارد که پرداخت بیمه‌گر باید بیمه‌گزار را به وضعیت مالی پیش از حادثه بازگرداند و نباید موجب سود شود. این اصل پایه محاسبه خسارت در بیمه‌های اموال و مسئولیت است.

Question 2Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار هنگام درخواست بیمه، بیماری قلبی خود را که برای ارزیابی ریسک اهمیت دارد پنهان می‌کند. این رفتار کدام تعهد را نقض می‌کند؟

  1. تعهد کاهش خسارت پس از حادثه
  2. تعهد ارائه مدارک اثبات خسارت
  3. تعهد افشای اطلاعات اساسی Correct answer.
  4. تعهد پرداخت حق بیمه

Explanation

حسن نیت ایجاب می‌کند که بیمه‌گزار همه اطلاعات اساسی مؤثر بر پذیرش یا نرخ‌گذاری ریسک را پیش از انعقاد قرارداد افشا کند. کتمان عامدانه چنین اطلاعاتی به بیمه‌گر حق اتخاذ تصمیم‌های قراردادی می‌دهد.

Question 3Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

در بیمه آتش‌سوزی، زیان ناشی از جنگ و شورش به‌طور صریح استثنا شده است. این استثنا چه نقشی در تعیین دامنه پوشش دارد؟

  1. حق بیمه را کاهش می‌دهد
  2. فرانشیز را حذف می‌کند
  3. مبلغ بیمه را افزایش می‌دهد
  4. دامنه پوشش را محدود می‌کند Correct answer.

Explanation

استثناها خطرهایی را که بیمه‌گر عمداً از تعهد خود خارج می‌کند مشخص می‌سازند و بدین ترتیب دامنه پوشش را محدود می‌کنند. وجود استثنا بر مبلغ بیمه یا فرانشیز اثری ندارد.

Question 4Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

کارخانه‌ای برای پیشگیری از آتش‌سوزی سیستم اطفای حریق نصب می‌کند. این اقدام در چرخه مدیریت ریسک چه نامیده می‌شود؟

  1. انتقال ریسک
  2. اجتناب از ریسک
  3. پذیرش ریسک
  4. کاهش ریسک Correct answer.

Explanation

کاهش ریسک شامل اقداماتی است که احتمال یا شدت زیان را کم می‌کند، مانند نصب تجهیزات اطفای حریق. این اقدام ریسک را حذف نمی‌کند بلکه آن را کنترل می‌کند.

Question 5Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

کدام مورد نمونه‌ای از ریسک سوداگرانه (گمانی) است؟

  1. اصابت صاعقه به ساختمان
  2. سرقت خودرو در پارکینگ
  3. آتش‌سوزی در انبار کالا
  4. سرمایه‌گذاری در سهام یک شرکت نوپا Correct answer.

Explanation

ریسک سوداگرانه هم احتمال سود و هم احتمال زیان دارد و سرمایه‌گذاری نمونه روشن آن است. ریسک‌های محض فقط زیان یا وضعیت بدون تغییر به همراه دارند.

Question 6Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گر در قرارداد بیمه اموال، مبلغ بیمه را کمتر از ارزش واقعی مورد بیمه تعیین می‌کند. این وضعیت چه نامیده می‌شود؟

  1. بیش‌بیمه‌شدن
  2. کم‌بیمه‌شدن Correct answer.
  3. دوبیمه‌شدن
  4. بیمه مضاعف

Explanation

کم‌بیمه‌شدن هنگامی رخ می‌دهد که مبلغ بیمه کمتر از ارزش واقعی مورد بیمه باشد و در تسویه خسارت معمولاً به نسبت اعمال می‌شود. این وضعیت با بیش‌بیمه‌شدن که مبلغ بیمه از ارزش واقعی بیشتر است تفاوت دارد.

Question 7Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار برای یک انبار دو بیمه‌نامه با پوشش هم‌زمان و مشابه دارد و خسارت از یکی از آن‌ها دریافت می‌شود. کدام اصل مانع دریافت مجدد همان زیان از بیمه‌گر دوم می‌شود؟

  1. اصل نفع بیمه‌ای
  2. اصل غرامت Correct answer.
  3. اصل حسن نیت
  4. اصل علت نزدیک

Explanation

اصل غرامت اجازه نمی‌دهد بیمه‌گزار بیش از ارزش زیان واقعی دریافت کند و از این رو مانع جبران مضاعف از چند بیمه‌نامه می‌شود. مشارکت در خسارت سازوکار تقسیم مسئولیت میان بیمه‌گران است، اما ریشه آن همین اصل است.

Question 8Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

کدام ویژگی، بیمه را از قراردادهای معمول تجاری متمایز می‌کند و مبنای الزام بیمه‌گزار به افشای داوطلبانه اطلاعات است؟

  1. قرارداد بودن آن بر پایه حسن نیت اعلی Correct answer.
  2. الزامی بودن آن برای همه اشخاص
  3. قطعی بودن مبلغ حق بیمه از ابتدا
  4. وابستگی آن به تأیید مرجع قضایی

Explanation

در بیمه، بیمه‌گر به اطلاعاتی تکیه می‌کند که تنها بیمه‌گزار از آن آگاه است و از این رو سطح بالاتری از حسن نیت و افشای داوطلبانه لازم است. این ویژگی بیمه را از قاعده خریدار محتاط در قراردادهای تجاری عادی جدا می‌کند.

Question 9Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار پس از وقوع آتش‌سوزی، بدون دلیل موجه در فراهم کردن مدارک لازم برای ارزیابی خسارت تأخیر طولانی می‌کند. بیمه‌گر در این حالت چه اختیاری دارد؟

  1. باید فوراً کل مبلغ بیمه را بپردازد
  2. می‌تواند تسویه خسارت را تا ارائه مدارک معلق کند Correct answer.
  3. می‌تواند قرارداد را از ابتدا باطل اعلام کند
  4. باید فرانشیز را به‌طور کامل حذف کند

Explanation

همکاری بیمه‌گزار در ارائه مدارک و اطلاعات، شرط ارزیابی و تسویه خسارت است و بیمه‌گر می‌تواند تا انجام این تعهد پرداخت را معلق کند. بطلان قرارداد از ابتدا نیازمند نقض اساسی در مرحله پیش از قرارداد است.

Question 10Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

کشاورزی که مزرعه‌اش در معرض سیل است، تصمیم می‌گیرد زمین را نفروشد اما با خرید بیمه سیل زیان احتمالی را به بیمه‌گر منتقل کند. این اقدام کدام راهبرد مدیریت ریسک است؟

  1. انتقال ریسک از طریق بیمه Correct answer.
  2. نگهداشت ریسک با ذخیره مالی
  3. کاهش ریسک فیزیکی
  4. اجتناب کامل از ریسک

Explanation

خرید بیمه، بار مالی زیان احتمالی را در برابر پرداخت حق بیمه به بیمه‌گر منتقل می‌کند و ریسک را حذف نمی‌کند. این راهبرد با اجتناب که به ترک فعالیت می‌انجامد یا با کاهش که احتمال زیان را کم می‌کند متفاوت است.

Question 11Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار خودرویی، خسارت جزئی واردشده به خودرو را بدون اطلاع به بیمه‌گر شخصاً تعمیر می‌کند و سپس مبلغ تعمیر را از بیمه‌گر مطالبه می‌کند. کدام اصل بیشترین ارتباط را با این وضعیت دارد؟

  1. اصل نفع بیمه‌ای
  2. اصل علت نزدیک
  3. اصل جبران خسارت و منع سود بردن Correct answer.
  4. اصل جانشینی بیمه‌گر

Explanation

مطالبه هزینه تعمیر انجام‌شده باید با زیان واقعی و اثبات‌شده سنجیده شود تا از سود بردن بیمه‌گزار جلوگیری شود. اصل غرامت مبنای این سنجش است.

Question 12Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گر پس از پرداخت خسارت آتش‌سوزی که ناشی از سهل‌انگاری پیمانکار بوده است، حق رجوع به پیمانکار را پیدا می‌کند. این حق چه نامیده می‌شود؟

  1. سرمایه‌گذاری مجدد
  2. جانشینی Correct answer.
  3. مشارکت در خسارت
  4. فرانشیز

Explanation

جانشینی به بیمه‌گر اجازه می‌دهد پس از جبران خسارت، در حدود مبلغ پرداختی به جای بیمه‌گزار علیه مسئول زیان اقدام کند. این سازوکار از جبران مضاعف جلوگیری می‌کند.

Question 13Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌نامه‌ای شرط دارد که بیمه‌گزار باید در صورت افزایش خطر در طول دوره بیمه، آن را به بیمه‌گر اطلاع دهد. نقض این شرط چه پیامدی می‌تواند داشته باشد؟

  1. بیمه‌گر موظف است خسارت کامل را بدون بررسی بپردازد
  2. دوره بیمه به‌طور خودکار تمدید می‌شود
  3. بیمه‌گر می‌تواند پوشش را متناسب با شرایط جدید تعدیل یا محدود کند Correct answer.
  4. مبلغ بیمه خودکار دو برابر می‌شود

Explanation

شرط افزایش خطر به بیمه‌گر امکان می‌دهد حق بیمه یا شرایط پوشش را با ریسک جدید هماهنگ کند و در صورت نقض، دامنه تعهد او محدود می‌شود. این شرط از تحمیل ریسک سنگین‌تر بدون اطلاع بیمه‌گر جلوگیری می‌کند.

Question 14Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

کدام مورد نشان‌دهنده نفع بیمه‌ای معتبر در بیمه عمر است؟

  1. بیمه‌گزار برای خودروی متعلق به همسایه بیمه عمر می‌خرد
  2. بیمه‌گزار نسبت به همسر خود رابطه مالی و عاطفی قابل اثبات دارد Correct answer.
  3. بیمه‌گزار برای فردی که هرگز او را ندیده است بیمه می‌خرد
  4. بیمه‌گزار بدون رضایت شخص، برای او بیمه عمر می‌خرد

Explanation

نفع بیمه‌ای در بیمه عمر بر پایه رابطه‌ای است که از بیمه‌گزار در برابر زیان مالی یا عاطفی ناشی از فوت حمایت می‌کند و رابطه همسری چنین نفعی ایجاد می‌کند. همچنین رضایت شخص مورد بیمه در بیمه عمر اهمیت دارد.

Question 15Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار یک واحد مسکونی، مبلغ بیمه را بیش از ارزش بازسازی واقعی ملک تعیین کرده است. در صورت خسارت کلی، بیمه‌گر بر چه مبنایی خسارت را می‌پردازد؟

  1. تا سقف ارزش واقعی مورد بیمه Correct answer.
  2. مبلغی برابر با حق بیمه پرداختی
  3. کل مبلغ بیمه اعلام‌شده
  4. دو برابر ارزش واقعی

Explanation

در بیش‌بیمه‌شدن، مبلغ بیمه مازاد بر ارزش واقعی قابل مطالبه نیست و پرداخت به ارزش واقعی مورد بیمه محدود می‌شود. اصل غرامت مانع تبدیل بیش‌بیمه به منبع سود می‌شود.

Question 16Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

دو بیمه‌نامه هم‌زمان برای یک ساختمان وجود دارد؛ یکی با سقف ۶۰ میلیارد ریال و دیگری با سقف ۴۰ میلیارد ریال و هر دو دارای شرط مشارکت در خسارت هستند. خسارت ۵۰ میلیارد ریال است و هیچ فرانشیزی وجود ندارد. سهم بیمه‌گر نخست به روش نسبی چقدر است؟

  1. ۳۰ میلیارد ریال Correct answer.
  2. ۲۵ میلیارد ریال
  3. ۵۰ میلیارد ریال
  4. ۲۰ میلیارد ریال

Explanation

در مشارکت نسبی، سهم هر بیمه‌گر به نسبت سقف تعهد آن به مجموع سقف‌ها محاسبه می‌شود. سقف بیمه‌گر نخست ۶۰ از مجموع ۱۰۰ است، بنابراین ۶۰ درصد خسارت ۵۰ میلیاردی یعنی ۳۰ میلیارد ریال بر عهده اوست.

Question 17Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌نامه‌ای با فرانشیز کسرپذیر ۲۰۰ میلیون ریال و خسارت ۱۵۰ میلیون ریال صادر شده است. با فرض پوشش کامل این خسارت، بیمه‌گر چه مبلغی می‌پردازد؟

  1. ۳۵۰ میلیون ریال
  2. ۱۵۰ میلیون ریال
  3. صفر ریال، زیرا خسارت از فرانشیز کمتر است Correct answer.
  4. ۲۰۰ میلیون ریال

Explanation

در فرانشیز کسرپذیر، مبلغ فرانشیز از هر خسارت کسر می‌شود و اگر خسارت از آن کمتر باشد پرداختی انجام نمی‌شود. زیان در این حالت بر عهده بیمه‌گزار باقی می‌ماند.

Question 18Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌نامه اموال با شرط میانگین ۸۰ درصد و مبلغ بیمه ۸۰۰ میلیون ریال برای اموالی به ارزش واقعی یک میلیارد ریال صادر شده است. خسارت ۴۰۰ میلیون ریال است. با اعمال این شرط، چه مبلغی قابل پرداخت است؟

  1. ۳۰۰ میلیون ریال
  2. ۴۰۰ میلیون ریال Correct answer.
  3. ۸۰۰ میلیون ریال
  4. ۳۲۰ میلیون ریال

Explanation

در شرط میانگین، مبلغ بیمه با حاصل‌ضرب نرخ شرط در ارزش واقعی سنجیده می‌شود؛ ۸۰ درصد یک میلیارد ریال برابر ۸۰۰ میلیون ریال است که با مبلغ بیمه برابر است و بنابراین خسارت به‌طور کامل جبران می‌شود.

Question 19Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار در فرم پیشنهاد بیمه اموال، وجود سیستم اعلام حریق را اعلام می‌کند اما پیش از وقوع آتش‌سوزی آن را برمی‌دارد و به بیمه‌گر اطلاع نمی‌دهد. این وضعیت از منظر حقوق بیمه چگونه ارزیابی می‌شود؟

  1. افزایش خودکار مبلغ بیمه به دلیل بهبود ریسک
  2. بطلان خودکار قرارداد از تاریخ صدور
  3. تغییر بی‌اهمیت، زیرا سیستم اعلام حریق بخشی از پوشش نیست
  4. تغییر اساسی در ریسک بدون اطلاع، که می‌تواند تعهد بیمه‌گر را محدود کند Correct answer.

Explanation

اظهار وجود سیستم اعلام حریق بخشی از مبنای پذیرش ریسک است و حذف آن خطر را به‌طور اساسی افزایش می‌دهد. بیمه‌گزار باید چنین تغییری را اطلاع دهد و در غیر این صورت بیمه‌گر می‌تواند دامنه تعهد خود را محدود کند.

Question 20Principles of Insurance and Risk Management

بیمه‌گزار ساختمانی که در آن کالا نگهداری می‌کند، پس از وقوع زلزله ادعای خسارت می‌کند در حالی که بیمه‌نامه خطر زلزله را استثنا کرده و آتش‌سوزی پس از زلزله نیز رخ نداده است. ارزیابی پوشش چگونه است؟

  1. خسارت فقط به نسبت مبلغ بیمه پرداخت می‌شود
  2. خسارت پوشش دارد، زیرا ساختمان بیمه شده بود
  3. خسارت پوشش دارد، زیرا زلزله خطر طبیعی است
  4. خسارت پوشش ندارد، زیرا علت نزدیک حادثه در دامنه استثنا قرار دارد Correct answer.

Explanation

برای تعیین پوشش، باید علت مؤثر و نزدیک حادثه مشخص شود و اگر این علت در استثنا باشد خسارت جبران نمی‌شود. صرف وجود بیمه‌نامه اموال به معنای پوشش همه خطرها نیست.

Question 21Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Under the Iranian insurance regulatory framework, which body is the principal statutory authority that licenses and supervises insurance companies and regulates the insurance market?

  1. The Tehran Stock Exchange Organization
  2. The Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade
  3. Bimeh Markazi Iran (Central Insurance of Iran) Correct answer.
  4. The Iranian National Tax Administration

Explanation

Bimeh Markazi Iran, the Central Insurance of Iran, is the statutory regulator and supervisor of the insurance sector, issuing licences and setting solvency and market-conduct rules. Other bodies listed have unrelated mandates.

Question 22Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

In Iranian insurance practice, the statutory instrument that sets out the general framework for insurance contracts, including the rights and duties of insurer and insured, is which of the following?

  1. The Securities Market Law
  2. The Civil Code's provisions on lease
  3. The Insurance Law (Qanun-e Bimeh) Correct answer.
  4. The Commercial Code's bankruptcy chapter

Explanation

The Insurance Law provides the general legal framework governing insurance contracts and the operation of insurers in Iran. The other instruments address different subject matters and do not govern insurance contracts generally.

Question 23Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster is asked who may lawfully carry out loss adjustment work for an insurer in Iran. Which statement best reflects the regulatory position?

  1. Adjusters must hold the qualifications and authorisation recognised by the regulator and be engaged in accordance with applicable rules Correct answer.
  2. Any person holding a general power of attorney from the insured may adjust losses
  3. Only the insurer's own salaried staff may adjust losses, never external adjusters
  4. Any licensed insurance agent may adjust losses without further qualification

Explanation

Loss adjustment is a regulated activity requiring recognised qualification and authorisation, and adjusters are engaged under the applicable regulatory framework. Agents, attorneys of the insured, and unqualified staff do not thereby acquire authority to perform regulated loss adjustment.

Question 24Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

An insurer wishes to introduce a new commercial property policy wording in Iran. Which regulatory step is normally required before the wording may be marketed?

  1. Registering the wording only with the chamber of commerce
  2. Obtaining approval solely from the insured's trade association
  3. Publishing the wording in the Official Gazette without regulatory review
  4. Filing the wording and tariff with the regulator for review and approval Correct answer.

Explanation

Insurance products and their terms and tariffs are subject to regulatory review and approval before they are offered to the market. Registration with a chamber of commerce or a trade association, or mere publication, does not substitute for that approval.

Question 25Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which of the following best describes the role of the regulator in relation to insurance tariffs in Iran?

  1. It sets only motor tariffs and leaves all other lines entirely unregulated
  2. It delegates tariff approval entirely to individual brokers
  3. It has no role and tariffs are set purely by market forces
  4. It reviews and controls tariff structures to prevent disorderly competition and protect policyholders Correct answer.

Explanation

The regulator exercises oversight over tariffs to maintain market order and protect policyholders, rather than leaving pricing entirely to unregulated competition. Its oversight is not confined to motor business, and brokers do not approve tariffs.

Question 26Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

An insured disputes an insurer's claim decision and wishes to pursue a complaint through official channels. Which route is most consistent with the Iranian regulatory framework?

  1. Filing directly with the criminal court as the first and only step
  2. Referring the complaint to the regulator's designated complaint-handling mechanism or the competent insurance dispute body Correct answer.
  3. Petitioning the insurer's reinsurer directly
  4. Complaining to the local municipality

Explanation

The framework provides official channels for policyholder complaints, including the regulator's complaint-handling mechanism and competent dispute-resolution bodies. Municipalities, reinsurers, and immediate criminal proceedings are not the designated first-line routes for such complaints.

Question 27Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which statement correctly describes the regulator's solvency supervision of Iranian insurers?

  1. Insurers may operate without reserves provided premiums are collected in advance
  2. Solvency is monitored only by external auditors with no regulatory reporting
  3. Reserves are required only for life business and not for non-life lines
  4. Insurers must maintain adequate technical reserves and margin and report financial position to the regulator Correct answer.

Explanation

Solvency supervision requires insurers to hold adequate technical reserves and solvency margin and to report their financial position to the regulator. Advance premium collection does not remove reserve obligations, and reserves are required across lines of business.

Question 28Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A foreign reinsurer seeks to participate in Iranian insurance business. Under the regulatory framework, which statement is most accurate?

  1. It may accept cessions freely with no regulatory involvement
  2. It may deal only with the state-owned insurer and never with private insurers
  3. Its participation is subject to regulatory approval and compliance with rules on cession and foreign reinsurance Correct answer.
  4. It must first obtain a domestic insurance licence to accept any reinsurance

Explanation

Foreign reinsurance participation is subject to regulatory approval and to the rules governing cessions and foreign reinsurance arrangements. It is not free of regulatory involvement, and accepting reinsurance does not require a domestic direct-insurance licence.

Question 29Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which of the following is the primary purpose of compulsory insurance requirements in Iranian law, such as those for motor third-party liability?

  1. To guarantee insurers a fixed profit margin on every policy
  2. To eliminate the need for any reinsurance in the market
  3. To ensure that third parties injured by insured risks have a reliable source of compensation Correct answer.
  4. To replace the courts in determining liability

Explanation

Compulsory insurance exists to protect third parties by ensuring compensation is available from a solvent insurer. It is not a profit guarantee, does not remove reinsurance needs, and does not displace judicial determination of liability.

Question 30Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

In the Iranian motor third-party liability scheme, what is the function of the body that handles claims involving unidentified or uninsured vehicles?

  1. It sets the price of new vehicles
  2. It prosecutes the drivers of uninsured vehicles in criminal court
  3. It pays compensation to injured parties within defined limits where no liable insurer can be identified Correct answer.
  4. It issues driving licences to uninsured drivers

Explanation

The scheme provides a compensation mechanism for injuries caused by unidentified or uninsured vehicles, within defined limits, so that victims are not left without recourse. It does not perform licensing, prosecution, or vehicle-pricing functions.

Question 31Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster receives a claim where the insured appears to have deliberately caused the loss to obtain payment. How does the regulatory and legal framework treat such a claim?

  1. The insurer must pay but may cancel all of the insured's other policies
  2. The insurer must pay in full because the policy is in force
  3. The insurer must pay half of the sum insured as a compromise
  4. Deliberate causation of the loss by the insured generally entitles the insurer to decline the claim and may trigger further legal consequences Correct answer.

Explanation

Where the insured deliberately brings about the loss, the insurer is generally entitled to decline indemnity, and the conduct may carry further legal consequences such as fraud liability. The framework does not require automatic or partial payment in such circumstances.

Question 32Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which principle governs the insured's duty when a loss occurs, in terms of notifying the insurer under Iranian insurance practice?

  1. The insured need only notify the reinsurer directly
  2. The insured must notify the insurer promptly in accordance with the policy and applicable rules Correct answer.
  3. Notification is optional if the loss is small
  4. The insured may wait until the policy renewal date to report the loss

Explanation

The insured is required to give prompt notice of the loss as stipulated by the policy and applicable rules, so the insurer can investigate while evidence is fresh. Delay to renewal, direct notice to the reinsurer, or optional reporting for small losses do not satisfy this duty.

Question 33Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which statement best captures the regulator's authority over insurance intermediaries such as brokers and agents in Iran?

  1. Intermediaries must be licensed and are subject to conduct and fitness requirements set by the regulator Correct answer.
  2. Intermediaries require no authorisation if they deal only with commercial clients
  3. Intermediaries may operate once registered with a trade union alone
  4. Intermediaries are licensed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Explanation

Insurance intermediaries require licensing and must meet fitness and conduct requirements imposed by the regulator. Trade-union registration alone, dealing only with commercial clients, or licensing by an unrelated ministry does not confer authority to act as an intermediary.

Question 34Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A claim arises under a policy where the insured failed to disclose a material fact at proposal stage. Which statement reflects the framework's approach?

  1. The insurer must always pay because the policy was issued
  2. The insured is automatically prosecuted for fraud in every case
  3. The adjuster may unilaterally rewrite the policy to cure the non-disclosure
  4. The insurer's remedy depends on the materiality of the fact and whether disclosure was induced, and may include avoidance or adjustment Correct answer.

Explanation

Non-disclosure is assessed by reference to the materiality of the fact and the circumstances of the proposal, and the insurer's remedy may range from avoidance to adjustment of the claim. Automatic payment, automatic prosecution, or unilateral adjustment by the adjuster are not correct.

Question 35Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

What is the primary function of the regulator's on-site inspection of an insurer?

  1. To market the insurer's products to the public
  2. To verify compliance with prudential and market-conduct rules and to identify risks requiring corrective action Correct answer.
  3. To set the salaries of the insurer's claims staff
  4. To adjudicate individual claim disputes as a court of first instance

Explanation

On-site inspections verify compliance with prudential and conduct requirements and identify risks that may call for corrective measures. Inspections are not a marketing, salary-setting, or first-instance adjudicative function.

Question 36Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which of the following best describes the treatment of technical reserves in Iranian insurance regulation?

  1. Reserves may be held in the form of the insurer's own shares
  2. Insurers must compute and hold reserves for unexpired risks and outstanding claims in accordance with regulatory rules Correct answer.
  3. Reserves are required only when the regulator requests them
  4. Reserves are optional and may be replaced by shareholder guarantees alone

Explanation

Regulatory rules require insurers to compute and hold technical reserves for unexpired risk and outstanding claims. They are mandatory rather than optional, cannot be satisfied by holding the insurer's own shares, and are not triggered only on request.

Question 37Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

An adjuster discovers that a policy was issued by an entity not authorised to conduct insurance business in Iran. What is the most appropriate regulatory characterisation?

  1. The arrangement is valid because the parties agreed to it
  2. The arrangement becomes valid once a claim is paid
  3. The arrangement constitutes unauthorised insurance business, which is prohibited and subject to regulatory and legal consequences Correct answer.
  4. The arrangement is valid if the premium was paid in cash

Explanation

Conducting insurance business without authorisation is prohibited, and such arrangements attract regulatory and legal consequences regardless of the parties' agreement or payment method. Consent, cash payment, or later claim payment cannot cure the lack of authorisation.

Question 38Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which statement correctly describes the regulator's power to intervene in a financially distressed insurer?

  1. It must wait for the insurer to declare insolvency before acting
  2. It may act only if policyholders petition in writing
  3. It may impose corrective measures and, where necessary, restrict or withdraw the insurer's licence Correct answer.
  4. It may only issue advisory letters with no binding effect

Explanation

The regulator can impose corrective measures and, where required, restrict or withdraw a licence to protect policyholders and market stability. Its powers are binding and are not limited to advisory letters, nor must it wait for a formal insolvency declaration or a policyholder petition.

Question 39Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

In the context of Iranian insurance regulation, what does cession to a reinsurer require of the insurer?

  1. Compliance with regulatory rules governing retention and reinsurance arrangements Correct answer.
  2. Transfer of the entire policy obligation to the reinsurer
  3. Approval by the insured for each cession
  4. No documentation because reinsurance is informal

Explanation

Cessions must comply with the rules on retention and reinsurance arrangements, and they are documented. Insured approval is not required for ordinary cessions, and reinsurance does not transfer the insurer's obligation to the policyholder.

Question 40Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which of the following is a core market-conduct obligation of Iranian insurers toward policyholders?

  1. Providing clear policy terms and handling claims fairly and within reasonable timeframes Correct answer.
  2. Withholding policy documents until a claim arises
  3. Maximising premium volume regardless of disclosure
  4. Delegating all communication with policyholders to the reinsurer

Explanation

Market-conduct rules require clear documentation and fair, timely claims handling. Volume maximisation at the expense of disclosure, delegation of all communication to the reinsurer, and withholding documents are inconsistent with those obligations.

Question 41Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster is preparing a report that will support an insurer's decision on a large fire claim. Which approach best aligns with regulatory expectations for adjuster independence and documentation?

  1. Omit adverse findings to avoid disputes with the insured
  2. Document findings objectively with evidence and disclose any conflict of interest Correct answer.
  3. Advocate for the lowest possible payment to protect the insurer's result
  4. Rely solely on the insured's oral statement without verification

Explanation

Adjusters are expected to produce objective, evidence-based reports and to disclose conflicts of interest so that claim decisions are defensible. Advocacy for a predetermined outcome, omission of adverse findings, and unverified reliance on oral statements undermine that expectation.

Question 42Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which statement about the legal effect of a policy condition requiring arbitration of disputes between insurer and insured is most accurate?

  1. An arbitration clause removes the regulator's supervisory powers over the insurer
  2. An arbitration clause obliges the regulator to act as arbitrator
  3. Where the policy validly provides for arbitration, the parties are generally bound to follow that agreed dispute-resolution route Correct answer.
  4. Arbitration clauses in insurance policies are void and unenforceable in Iran

Explanation

A validly agreed arbitration clause binds the parties to that dispute-resolution route for their contractual dispute. It does not void the clause, does not remove the regulator's supervisory authority, and does not make the regulator an arbitrator.

Question 43Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

What is the purpose of the regulator's requirement that insurers report statistical and financial data periodically?

  1. To replace the need for audited financial statements
  2. To calculate individual policyholders' premiums directly
  3. To provide marketing material for brokers
  4. To enable market monitoring, solvency assessment, and evidence-based policy making Correct answer.

Explanation

Periodic reporting supports market monitoring, solvency assessment, and policy making by the regulator. It is not marketing material, does not replace audited statements, and is not used to set each policyholder's premium directly.

Question 44Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

An insured asks whether an insurer may cancel a policy mid-term without a stated contractual or legal ground. Which answer best reflects the framework?

  1. Cancellation is permitted only with the regulator's prior written consent in every case
  2. Cancellation is prohibited entirely once the first premium is paid
  3. Cancellation must rest on a ground permitted by the policy terms or the law, and notice requirements must be observed Correct answer.
  4. The insurer may cancel at any time for any reason without notice

Explanation

Mid-term cancellation by the insurer must be grounded in the policy terms or the law and must comply with notice requirements. It is not available at will without notice, does not require regulatory consent in every case, and is not absolutely prohibited after the first premium.

Question 45Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Insurance Law and the general law of contract in Iran?

  1. The Insurance Law replaces the Civil Code entirely for all contracts
  2. Insurance contracts are governed only by international conventions
  3. The Insurance Law provides specific rules for insurance contracts, supplementing the general contract rules where applicable Correct answer.
  4. The Civil Code overrides the Insurance Law in all insurance matters

Explanation

The Insurance Law supplies the specific regime for insurance contracts and operates alongside general contract principles, which continue to apply where not displaced. It does not replace the Civil Code wholesale, nor is it overridden by it in every respect.

Question 46Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

Under the Iranian insurance regulatory framework, which body is the principal statutory authority that licenses insurers and supervises their solvency and market conduct?

  1. The Tehran Stock Exchange listing committee
  2. Bimeh Markazi Iran (the Central Insurance of Iran) Correct answer.
  3. The Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare
  4. The Iran Chamber of Commerce arbitration board

Explanation

Bimeh Markazi Iran is the regulator established under the Insurance Law and its implementing regulations, and it exercises licensing, solvency and market-conduct supervision over insurers and intermediaries. The other bodies listed perform commercial, labour or arbitration functions and do not hold insurance regulatory authority.

Question 47Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

An insurer wishes to rely on a policy term that limits the insured's right to bring a claim before the courts. Under the Iranian insurance regulatory framework, how is such a term treated?

  1. It is unenforceable where it deprives the insured of statutory rights, since regulatory provisions protecting policyholders override contrary terms Correct answer.
  2. It is fully enforceable because freedom of contract prevails over statutory default rules
  3. It is automatically valid provided the term appears in bold type in the policy wording
  4. It is enforceable only if the insured signed a separate waiver before inception

Explanation

Provisions of the Insurance Law and the regulator's directives that protect policyholders are treated as mandatory, so contractual terms that strip the insured of statutory rights are not given effect. Formatting or a separate signature does not cure a clause that contradicts a mandatory rule.

Question 48Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster is handling a fire claim and notices that the insurer's file contains no record that the insurer paid the claim within the period set by the regulatory framework after receipt of the completed documents. What is the regulatory significance of this omission?

  1. It is irrelevant because payment timing is purely a commercial matter between the parties
  2. It transfers liability for the loss to the adjuster personally
  3. It may expose the insurer to regulatory supervisory action for breach of the claims-handling timetable, independent of the adjuster's quantum findings Correct answer.
  4. It automatically voids the policy from inception

Explanation

The regulatory framework sets a timetable for settling and paying claims once the required documents are complete, and failure to comply is a market-conduct matter for the regulator. The adjuster's role is to establish quantum and cause, while the payment-timing breach is a separate supervisory issue for the insurer.

Question 49Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster is asked to assess a claim and learns that the insurer intends to rely on a survey report prepared by an individual who is not a licensed loss adjuster. What is the correct regulatory position on using such a report to support a claim decision?

  1. The report is acceptable only if the amount claimed is below the policy deductible
  2. The report is valid provided the insured consents in writing after the loss
  3. Loss assessment for insurers is a regulated activity, so reliance on an unlicensed assessor's report is inconsistent with the licensing requirements for adjusters Correct answer.
  4. Any report is acceptable because the regulator does not regulate who may prepare loss assessments

Explanation

Loss adjusting is a regulated insurance activity, and assessors acting for insurers must hold the required licence from the regulator. Relying on an unlicensed assessor undermines the regulatory framework regardless of the claim size or the insured's consent.

Question 50Iranian Insurance Law and Regulatory Framework

A loss adjuster is reviewing a large industrial claim and finds that the insurer's underwriting file shows the risk was accepted at a premium materially below the tariff rate filed with the regulator. How should the adjuster treat this finding in the claim analysis?

  1. Report it as a separate compliance observation while still assessing the loss on its merits under the policy terms Correct answer.
  2. Decline the claim outright because the policy is void for tariff breach
  3. Reduce the indemnity automatically by the percentage of the premium shortfall
  4. Ignore it entirely, since premium rating has no bearing on the assessment of the loss

Explanation

Tariff compliance is a regulatory matter distinct from the merits of the loss, so the adjuster should flag the deviation to the insurer without altering the contractual assessment of the claim. The policy is not automatically void and indemnity is not automatically scaled down merely because the premium departed from the filed tariff.