Architectural Drawing, Graphic Representation, and Digital Tools
This domain checks that you can read and produce constructional drawings and that you understand the digital workflow from model to document.
Core rules
- Scale governs detail: 1:200 for site and massing, 1:100 for plans and sections, 1:50 for construction plans, 1:20 and 1:5 for details. Choose the scale that can show the smallest dimension you must communicate.
- Line hierarchy: heaviest for cut elements, medium for visible edges beyond the cut, light for projection, dashed for hidden or overhead elements, chain lines for grids (آکسبندی).
- Dimensioning: chained dimensions, dimension to a consistent face, and carry levels on sections rather than on plans.
- Hatching shows material, and hatch scale must change with drawing scale.
- Perspective needs a horizon at eye level, station point, and cone of vision around 60°; one-point for frontal, two-point for angled views. Axonometric keeps lines parallel and is measurable.
- BIM: models carry LOD 100 to 500, export IFC, and support clash detection and quantity take-off.
Worked example
At 1:50, a 35 cm wall is 350 / 50 = 7 mm on paper, and a 12 cm slab is 2.4 mm. One millimetre on paper equals 5 cm in reality, so nothing thinner than 5 cm can be drawn meaningfully at this scale; insulation and waterproofing must move to 1:20 or 1:5. This reasoning tells you instantly whether a proposed scale is defensible.
Traps
- Setting hatch scale that does not match the drawing scale.
- Dimensioning to the structural face on one side of a wall and the finished face on the other.
- Reversing section arrows and cutting-plane direction.
- Issuing a BIM model at LOD 200 for a stage that requires coordination-level detail.