Iran Nezam Urban Planning Exam flashcards
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38 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Kevin Lynch's city elements
- Paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks are the five physical elements that shape a city's image and legibility, according to Kevin Lynch's 1960 book The Image of the City.
- Jane Jacobs' diversity generators
- Mixed primary uses, small blocks, aged buildings, and concentrated density are the four conditions Jacobs argued are necessary to generate vibrant and safe urban diversity.
- Defensible space
- Oscar Newman's concept that residential environments can be designed to reduce crime through territoriality, natural surveillance, image, and milieu, enabling residents to control their surroundings.
- Serial vision
- Gordon Cullen's technique of analyzing townscape as a sequence of views experienced by a moving observer, using contrast, enclosure, and revelation to create emotional response.
- Garden City
- Ebenezer Howard's 1898 model of a self-contained town of about 32,000 people, surrounded by a greenbelt, with cooperative land ownership and balanced industry and residence.
- Neighborhood Unit
- Clarence Perry's 1929 concept placing an elementary school at the center of a residential area within about a half-mile radius, with shops at edge intersections and arterials on the perimeter.
- Athens Charter
- The 1933 CIAM manifesto that advocated functional zoning of cities into dwelling, work, recreation, and circulation, influencing modernist planning worldwide.
- New Urbanism
- A movement from the 1980s–90s promoting walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with traditional street grids, transit-oriented development, and human-scale design.
- Transit-oriented development
- Mixed-use, higher-density development concentrated within 400–800 meters of a transit station, designed to encourage walking, cycling, and transit use.
- Bazaar in Iranian city
- The bazaar served as the economic spine of the traditional Iranian city, often linked to the congregational mosque and the maydan, forming the core of urban life.
- Iran's 1966 planning law
- The 1966 (1345 SH) Urban Planning Law required comprehensive plans for cities and established the legal framework for urban planning in Iran.
- Supreme Council of Urban Planning
- Iran's Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture (Shoray-e 'Ali-e Shahrsazi va Me'mari) approves comprehensive plans, detailed plans, and urban design frameworks, and its decisions are binding.
- Tarh-e Tafzili
- The detailed plan in Iranian planning that implements the comprehensive plan at the parcel level, specifying land use, density, setbacks, and building envelopes.
- Article 100 commissions
- Under Iran's Municipalities Law, Article 100 commissions handle construction violations, with powers to impose fines, order demolition, or issue stop-work orders.
- Floor area ratio
- FAR is the ratio of total building floor area to lot area; it is a key density control in zoning and detailed plans, often paired with building coverage ratio.
- Environmental Impact Assessment
- A required process for large projects in Iran under the 1994 (1373 SH) directive, involving screening, scoping, impact prediction, mitigation, and monitoring.
- Rational comprehensive model
- A planning method that defines goals, identifies alternatives, evaluates them, selects a preferred option, and implements it; criticized for unrealistic information demands.
- Mixed scanning
- Amitai Etzioni's planning approach combining a broad overview of the system with detailed examination of selected areas, balancing comprehensiveness and feasibility.
- Delphi method
- An iterative anonymous expert survey technique used to reach consensus on future trends or policy options, with feedback between rounds until views stabilize.
- Bid-rent theory
- The theory that land value and land use are determined by the highest rent a user is willing to pay at a given distance from the center, with different uses having different bid-rent slopes.
- Agglomeration economies
- Cost savings that firms obtain by locating near each other, including localization economies (same industry) and urbanization economies (diverse city).
- Land value capture
- A set of tools (betterment levies, development charges, joint development) that recover part of the land value increase created by public investment for public benefit.
- Four-step travel demand model
- A sequential model predicting trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and route assignment to forecast travel demand on a transport network.
- Level of service
- A qualitative measure of traffic flow on roads, ranging from A (free flow) to F (forced flow), used to assess road performance and design thresholds.
- Complete streets
- A design approach that plans and operates streets to enable safe access for all users, including pedestrians, cyclists, transit riders, and motorists of all ages and abilities.
- Vision Zero
- A road safety policy aiming to eliminate traffic deaths and serious injuries, based on the principle that deaths are preventable through safe system design and lower speeds.
- Sustainable development
- Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, as defined by the Brundtland Commission in 1987.
- Ecological footprint
- The area of biologically productive land and water required to supply a population's resources and absorb its waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Urban heat island
- The phenomenon where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas due to impervious surfaces, reduced vegetation, and waste heat; mitigated by green infrastructure.
- Arnstein's participation ladder
- Sherry Arnstein's 1969 model of citizen participation with eight rungs from manipulation and therapy through informing, consultation, and partnership to delegated power and citizen control.
- Social capital
- Networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together effectively; bonding capital within groups and bridging capital across groups.
- Gentrification
- The process by which reinvestment and middle-class influx into a low-income neighborhood raise rents and displace existing residents, changing the area's social character.
- Vector vs raster GIS
- Vector data represent discrete features as points, lines, and polygons; raster data represent continuous surfaces as grid cells with values.
- Spatial autocorrelation
- The degree to which similar values cluster in space; Moran's I is a common measure, with positive values indicating clustering of similar values.
- Weighted overlay analysis
- A GIS technique that combines multiple criteria layers by assigning weights and summing scores to produce a suitability map for site selection or planning.
- Conflict of interest
- A situation where a planner's financial or personal interest could bias professional judgment; it must be disclosed and the planner should recuse when necessary.
- Public interest principle
- The ethical obligation of planners to serve the public interest, especially disadvantaged groups, and to provide full and honest information to decision-makers and the public.
- Competence in practice
- The ethical duty to practice only within one's areas of expertise, seek qualified assistance when needed, and maintain skills through continuing professional development.