JLPT N4 cheat sheet
JLPT N4 · Keep the key ideas within reach.
Language Knowledge (Vocabulary)
N4 vocabulary is roughly 1,500 words; group words by topic and part of speech because one kanji often appears in noun, verb, and adjective forms.
Transitive/intransitive pairs often share a stem: 開く/開ける, 閉まる/閉める, 落ちる/落とす, 入る/入れる. Intransitive verbs typically take が; transitive verbs take を.
い-adjectives: negative 〜くない, past 〜かった, past negative 〜くなかった; adverb = drop い + く. な-adjectives: 〜じゃない, 〜だった, 〜じゃなかった; adverb = + に.
Masu-stem compounds: 〜始める (begin), 〜続ける (continue), 〜終わる (finish), 〜やすい (easy), 〜にくい (hard), 〜すぎる (too much).
Sound changes in て/た forms: う/つ/る→って/った; む/ぶ/ぬ→んで/んだ; く→いて/いた (行く→行って); ぐ→いで/いだ; す→して/した.
Counters: 〜枚 flat things, 〜台 machines/vehicles, 〜本 long thin objects, 〜杯 cups/glasses, 〜人 people, 〜匹 small animals, 〜回 times.
Katakana loanwords are often English-derived but may be shortened (パソコン, コンビニ) or shifted in meaning (マンション = apartment building, not mansion).
Change expressions: い-adjective → 〜くなる (高くなる); な-adjective/noun → 〜になる (静かになる, 学生になる).
Prefixes: お- with native words (お名前), ご- with Sino-Japanese words (ご住所); do not attach freely to every noun.
Language Knowledge (Grammar)・Reading
て-form + いる: progressive action (今、食べている) or resulting state (結婚している, 知っている); context and verb type decide.
ておく = do in advance or leave as is; てある = resultant state after intentional action, often with が; てしまう = completion or regret; てみる = try.
Permission/prohibition/obligation: てもいい (may), てはいけない (must not), なければならない (must), なくてもいい (need not).
ながら = while doing (masu-stem + ながら); たり〜たりする = representative actions; 前に = before; 後で = after.
Reason: から (subjective), ので (objective/softer); contrast: のに (despite); concession: ても (even if).
Passive 〜れる/られる; causative 〜せる/させる; causative-passive 〜せられる/させられる. Identify who does what from particles に/を.
Conditionals: と = natural/automatic result; ば = hypothetical condition; たら = when/if in sequence; なら = if it is the case, topic-based.
Appearance/hearsay: そうです (looks like) follows a stem; そうです (hearsay) follows the plain form; ようです/らしい = seems/looks like.
Reading: こ/そ/あ/ど point to near/far/previous/question; しかし = contrast, だから = result, つまり = restatement, たとえば = example.
Listening
Distinguish ます/ません/ました/ませんでした quickly; the final verb often decides the answer in multiple-choice listening.
Numbers and counters are frequent: listen for 〜人, 〜枚, 〜本, 〜台, 〜杯, and time expressions 〜時〜分, 〜日, 〜月.
Direction/position words: 右/左, 前/後ろ, 上/下, 隣, 近く, 向かい, 角, 信号.
Requests: 〜てください (direct), 〜てもらえますか (can I get you to), 〜ていただけませんか (polite), 〜ないでください (please don't).
Give/receive: あげる (I give), くれる (someone gives me), もらう (I receive); track the beneficiary from the speaker's viewpoint.
いいです can mean 'yes, that's fine' or 'no, thank you' by tone/context; けっこうです similarly can decline.
Discourse markers: まず (first), 次に (next), それから (then), 最後に (finally), でも (but), だから (so).
〜んです asks for explanation or introduces background; answers often begin 〜から or 〜のです.
Invitations: 〜ませんか (won't you), 〜ましょうか (shall I/we); accept with いいですね, decline with ちょっと….