Tawjihi Science, Technology & Engineering Field flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a. The discriminant b² − 4ac determines whether roots are two real, one repeated, or complex.

Discriminant

The expression b² − 4ac in a quadratic equation. Positive means two distinct real roots, zero means one repeated real root, and negative means two complex conjugate roots.

Chain rule

A derivative rule for composite functions: if y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f′(g(x))·g′(x). It is the key tool for differentiating nested expressions such as sin(3x²).

Definite integral

The value ∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx = F(b) − F(a), where F is any antiderivative of f. It measures the signed area under the curve between x = a and x = b.

Binomial coefficient

C(n,k) = n! / (k!(n − k)!), the number of ways to choose k items from n without regard to order. It gives the coefficient of aⁿ⁻ᵏbᵏ in (a + b)ⁿ.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals its mass times acceleration, ΣF = ma. Weight is a special case, W = mg, with g about 9.8 m/s² near Earth's surface.

Conservation of momentum

In a system with no external net force, total momentum p = mv stays constant. This principle explains collisions, recoil, and rocket motion in space.

Ohm's law

For a conductor at constant temperature, V = IR: voltage equals current multiplied by resistance. Power dissipated is P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

Total internal reflection

Light travelling from a denser to a less dense medium is fully reflected when the incidence angle exceeds the critical angle, sin θc = n₂/n₁. It underlies optical fibres.

Half-life

The time T½ = ln 2 / λ ≈ 0.693/λ for half of a radioactive sample to decay. After n half-lives, the remaining fraction is (1/2)ⁿ.

Molarity

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution, M = n/V. Dilution keeps moles constant, so M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.

pH scale

pH = −log[H₃O⁺]. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic at 25 °C, where pH + pOH = 14.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partially opposes the change.

Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation is loss of electrons and an increase in oxidation number; reduction is gain of electrons. The oxidising agent accepts electrons and is itself reduced.

Faraday's law of electrolysis

The mass deposited at an electrode is m = (M·Q)/(n·F), where Q = It is charge, M molar mass, n electrons per ion, and F ≈ 96500 C/mol.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, driven by light in chloroplasts. Light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle in the stroma.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four haploid gametes and includes crossing over, creating genetic variation.

Mendel's law of segregation

The two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one. A cross Aa × Aa yields a 3:1 phenotype ratio under complete dominance.

Enzyme active site

The region of an enzyme where substrate binds and catalysis occurs. Enzymes lower activation energy, and each has optimum temperature and pH ranges.

DNA base pairing

In the double helix, adenine pairs with thymine by two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine by three. This complementarity enables accurate replication.

الجملة الاسمية

جملة تبدأ باسم وتتكوّن من مبتدأ وخبر، نحو «العلمُ نورٌ». المبتدأ مرفوع والخبر مرفوع، ويطابق الخبر المبتدأ في العدد والجنس.

كان وأخواتها

أفعال ناقصة تدخل على الجملة الاسمية فترفع المبتدأ ويسمى اسمها، وتنصب الخبر ويسمى خبرها، نحو «كان الجوُّ بارداً».

الاستعارة

تشبيه حُذف أحد طرفيه مع بقاء القرينة الدالة عليه، نحو «طار الخبرُ في المدينة»، فهي أبلغ من التشبيه لأنها تنقل المعنى دون ذكر المشبه به.

Present perfect

The tense formed with have/has plus past participle. It links a past action to the present and is used with for, since, already, yet, ever, and never.

Third conditional

A structure for unreal past situations: if + past perfect, would have + past participle, as in 'If I had studied, I would have passed.' It expresses regret or hypothetical past.

Passive voice formation

Formed with the correct tense of be plus the past participle. The object becomes the subject, and the agent appears after 'by' only when it matters.

أركان الإسلام

خمسة أركان: الشهادتان، وإقام الصلاة، وإيتاء الزكاة، وصوم رمضان، وحج البيت لمن استطاع إليه سبيلاً. وهي الأساس العملي لبناء المسلم.

مقاصد الشريعة

الغايات الكلية التي جاءت الشريعة لحفظها: الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل والمال. تُستعمل في استنباط الأحكام وفي فهم النصوص الشرعية.

استقلال الأردن

أُعلن استقلال المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية عام ١٩٤٦م بعد معاهدة لندن، ثم أُلغي ما تبقى من المعاهدة عام ١٩٥٧م وأصبح الجيش عربياً.

السلطات في الأردن

ثلاث سلطات: التنفيذية بقيادة الملك ومجلس الوزراء، والتشريعية مجلس الأمة بمجلسي الأعيان والنواب، والقضائية مستقلة تفصل في المنازعات.

Two's complement

A signed binary representation: negate a number by inverting all bits and adding 1. An n-bit register covers −2ⁿ⁻¹ to 2ⁿ⁻¹ − 1, so 8 bits cover −128 to 127.

Stack versus queue

A stack is last-in-first-out, with push and pop at the same end. A queue is first-in-first-out, with enqueue at the rear and dequeue at the front.

Primary and foreign keys

A primary key uniquely identifies each row of a table. A foreign key is a column that references another table's primary key, creating a relationship between tables.