Fukuoka Entrance Social Studies flashcards
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33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Seto Inland Sea climate
- Mild, relatively dry climate caused by surrounding mountains blocking seasonal rain and monsoon winds; it favors fruit growing and is a distinct regional climate type in Japan.
- Sankin kōtai
- Tokugawa policy requiring daimyō to alternate residence between Edo and their domains, which drained their finances and strengthened shogun control over them.
- Article 9
- Constitutional clause renouncing war as a sovereign right and forbidding maintenance of war potential; the Self-Defense Forces are interpreted as permitted for self-defense.
- Comparative advantage
- Principle that a country gains by specializing in goods it can produce at lower opportunity cost than other countries, then trading for the rest.
- Kantō Plain
- Japan's largest plain, covering the Tōkyō region; it holds a huge share of the national population and industry and is the core of the Keihin industrial belt.
- Taika Reform
- 645 reform that created a centralized ritsuryō state, nationalized land and people, and replaced clan control with officials appointed by the court.
- Contour lines
- Lines on a map joining points of equal elevation; close spacing indicates steep slopes and V shapes pointing upstream mark valleys.
- Meiji Constitution
- 1889 constitution making the emperor sovereign and granting limited suffrage under a bicameral Diet; it lasted until the 1947 constitution replaced it.
- Mediterranean climate
- Climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, found on western coasts near 30–40° latitude, such as the Mediterranean basin and California.
- House of Representatives
- Lower house of the Diet with 465 members and a four-year term; it can be dissolved and takes precedence on budgets and choosing the prime minister.
- Sakoku
- Tokugawa policy restricting foreign contact; trade was limited to Dutch and Chinese at Nagasaki and to Korea, China, and Ainu through designated gateways.
- Per capita data
- A figure divided by population, allowing fair comparison between regions of different sizes; it is essential when comparing income, energy use, or emissions.
- Hokkaidō climate
- Subarctic climate with cool summers, cold snowy winters, and no rainy season front; it supports dairy farming, wheat, potatoes, and sugar beet.
- Kamakura shogunate
- Military government founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo around 1185; it appointed jitō and shugo and repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281.
- Popular sovereignty
- Principle that political power ultimately belongs to the people; it is one of the three principles of the 1947 Constitution of Japan.
- OPEC
- Organization of oil-exporting countries that coordinates production levels and prices; members include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and the UAE.
- Population pyramid
- Bar chart showing age and sex distribution; a wide base indicates high birth rates, while a narrow base and wide top indicate an aging population.
- Chūkyō industrial region
- Industrial belt centered on Nagoya; it is a leading center of automobile manufacturing and related parts production in Japan.
- Sekigahara
- 1600 battle in which Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated rival western daimyō, paving the way for the Tokugawa shogunate established in Edo in 1603.
- Pacifism
- One of the three principles of the 1947 Constitution, expressed in the preamble and Article 9, renouncing war and threatening force as means of settling disputes.
- Monsoon climate
- Climate with strong seasonal wind reversal, producing a wet summer and dry winter; it dominates South and East Asia and supports rice farming.
- Heian period
- 794–1185 era with capital at Heian-kyō; Fujiwara regency, courtly literature such as the Tale of Genji, and the development of hiragana flourished.
- House of Councillors
- Upper house of the Diet with 248 members serving six-year terms; half are elected every three years, and it cannot be dissolved.
- Monetary policy
- Central bank actions adjusting interest rates and money supply to influence inflation and economic activity; in Japan it is set by the Bank of Japan.
- Yayoi period
- Era following Jōmon when wet-rice farming, bronze and iron tools, and new pottery styles spread to Japan from the continent.
- Japan Trench
- Deep ocean trench off Japan's Pacific coast where the Pacific Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate, causing major earthquakes and tsunamis.
- Perry Expedition
- 1853 arrival of US warships under Commodore Perry, which forced Japan to open ports through the 1854 Kanagawa Treaty and hastened the shogunate's fall.
- Public welfare limit
- Constitutional principle that human rights may be restricted by law to the extent necessary to prevent harm to the public welfare.
- GNI
- Gross national income; the total income earned by a country's residents at home and abroad, often used with per capita figures to compare development levels.
- Truncated axis
- A graph axis that does not start at zero, which visually exaggerates differences; readers should check axis values before trusting a chart's message.
- Manchurian Incident
- 1931 explosion staged by Japanese forces in Manchuria, used as a pretext for occupation; it led to Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations.
- Kenchi and katanagari
- Hideyoshi's land survey and sword hunt, which fixed land ownership and tax base and separated samurai from farmers in the late sixteenth century.
- Bicameral Diet
- Japan's two-chamber legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, both elected by the people.