Gifu Entrance English flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Numbers with correction

In listening, a speaker may state a figure then revise it ("It's 400 yen - no, 450 with tax"). The final stated number is the answer; earlier numbers are distractors.

Contrast markers in listening

Words like but, however, actually, and instead signal that the preceding idea is being replaced. The answer usually follows the contrast marker, not the first option mentioned.

Time prepositions in, on, at

Use in for months, years, and seasons; on for days and dates; at for clock times and night. Example: at 7:00 on Monday in April.

Present perfect vs past simple

Present perfect (have/has + past participle) covers experience or time continuing to now. Past simple covers finished past time marked by yesterday, last week, or in 2019.

Subject-verb agreement with phrases

A phrase between subject and verb does not change the verb. In "The bag of apples is on the table," the subject is bag, so the verb is singular is.

Indirect question word order

After a question phrase like Do you know or Can you tell me, use statement order and drop do/does/did. "Where does she live?" becomes "Do you know where she lives?"

too versus not enough

These express the same idea with the adjective unchanged. "He is too short to reach" equals "He is not tall enough to reach." Keep the original tense and subject.

so versus such

Use so + adjective or adverb + that (so hot that). Use such + a/an + adjective + noun + that (such a hot day that). Both introduce a result clause.

Reported speech tense shift

When the reporting verb is past, shift tenses back: present to past, will to would, can to could. Also shift time words: tomorrow becomes the next day.

Passive voice formation

Make the object the subject and use be + past participle in the same tense as the original. Add by + agent only when the doer matters.

Reordering: find subject and verb

To unscramble a sentence, locate the subject and its finite verb first, then attach modifiers and fixed phrases such as in order to or as soon as.

Main idea versus detail

A main-idea answer must cover the whole passage. An option that is true but describes only one sentence is a detail distractor and should be rejected.

Inference question rule

The correct inference is supported by the text even if not stated directly. An option requiring outside knowledge or personal opinion is wrong.

NOT/EXCEPT question strategy

Three options are confirmed by the passage and one is not. Check each option against the text individually; the unmatched or contradicted option is the answer.

Pronoun reference check

For it, they, this, or one, find the nearest earlier noun that agrees in number and makes sense. Substitute it back into the sentence to confirm.

Vocabulary in context test

Replace the target word with each option and read the whole sentence. The correct choice keeps the original meaning; the most common dictionary sense may be wrong.

Dialogue function identification

Decide what the second speaker is doing: agreeing, refusing politely, suggesting an alternative, apologizing, or asking for repetition. The function, not the words, is tested.

Guided paragraph structure

Write a topic sentence with the main point, two or three supporting sentences giving reasons or examples, then a closing sentence. Cover every point the prompt lists.

Composition linkers

Use first, next, then, finally for sequence; because and so for reason and result; however for contrast; for example for illustration. One linker per sentence is enough.

Third-person singular -s

In present simple, add -s or -es for he, she, it, and singular nouns: he likes, she watches, the bus goes. Missing this -s is a frequent composition error.

Article use in writing

Use a/an for first mention or one of a group; the for something already mentioned or unique; no article for general plurals and abstract nouns such as music or happiness.

Opinion essay format

State your position, give two reasons each with an example, then restate the position in different words. Do not introduce new arguments in the conclusion.

Information transfer procedure

Read the source passage or notice fully, then fill each blank with the category its label requests, such as time, place, or price. Copy spelling exactly from the source.

Table reading order

Match the row label to the column heading before reading a number. Then check the unit (yen, minutes, people) and whether the figure is a total or a part.

Notice condition words

In signs and notices, the tested point is usually a condition: only, except, free, must, do not, until, from ... to. Read these words before choosing an answer.

Email greeting and closing

Open with Dear Mr. Tanaka, then a purpose line such as I am writing to ask about. Close with Best regards, followed by your name on the next line.

Timetable duration calculation

Subtract departure time from arrival time to get travel time. Watch for AM/PM, 24-hour notation, and transfer waits that add to the total.

Form name order

Many forms ask for family name first, then given name. Check which box is which and fill required fields marked with an asterisk; leave optional fields blank if unknown.

Listening question-word prediction

Before audio plays, read the question and predict the answer type: a time, a place, a person, a price, or a reason. This tells you which words to listen for.

Request and offer responses

Would you like ...? takes Yes, please or No, thank you. Could you ...? expects an action or agreement. Listen for the response type, not just the polite words.

Comparatives and superlatives

Short adjectives add -er/-est; longer ones take more/most. Irregulars include good-better-best and bad-worse-worst. Use as ... as for equality between two things.

Countable and uncountable quantifiers

Use many and few with countable nouns; use much and little with uncountable nouns. A number of takes a plural verb; the number of takes a singular verb.