Gifu Entrance English key terms

The noun or noun phrase that performs the action of a verb, or the thing being described. In questions, it usually comes before the verb or after the helping verb.

The word that expresses an action, event, or state. Every complete English sentence needs at least one verb, and its form must match the subject.

The noun or noun phrase that receives the action of a verb, as in 'She read the letter.' It usually comes after the verb and answers 'what?' or 'whom?'

The form of a verb that shows when an action happens: past, present, or future. English also marks whether an action is finished, ongoing, or repeated.

A verb form made with 'have/has' plus the past participle. It links a past action to now, as in 'I have lost my key,' or describes experience up to the present.

The third form of a verb, such as 'eaten,' 'written,' or 'gone.' It is used after 'have' for perfect tenses and after 'be' for passive sentences.

A sentence pattern where the receiver of the action becomes the subject, formed with 'be' plus a past participle, as in 'The window was broken by a ball.'

A word such as 'who,' 'which,' or 'that' that joins a describing clause to a noun, as in 'the girl who won.' It replaces a repeated noun inside the clause.

A group of words containing its own subject and verb. A main clause can stand alone as a sentence; a subordinate clause cannot and depends on the main clause.

A connecting word such as 'and,' 'but,' 'because,' or 'although' that links words, phrases, or clauses and shows the relationship between them.

A short word such as 'in,' 'on,' 'at,' or 'by' placed before a noun to show place, time, direction, or manner. Choosing the correct one is a common test point.

The words 'a,' 'an,' and 'the.' 'A/an' introduces one non-specific thing; 'the' points to something already known or unique. Countable singular nouns normally need one.

The matching of a verb with its subject in number, as in 'He plays' but 'They play.' Singular subjects take singular verbs; plural subjects take plural verbs.

The form of an adjective or adverb used to compare two things, made with '-er' or 'more,' as in 'taller' or 'more careful.' It is often followed by 'than.'

The form of an adjective or adverb used to compare three or more things, made with '-est' or 'most,' as in 'the tallest' or 'the most careful.' It usually takes 'the.'

The base form of a verb, usually with 'to,' as in 'to swim.' It can follow certain verbs and adjectives, as in 'I want to go' or 'easy to read.'

A verb form ending in '-ing' that works as a noun, as in 'Swimming is fun' or 'I enjoy reading.' Some verbs take a gerund rather than an infinitive after them.

The fixed arrangement of subject, verb, and object in English statements, and the reversal used in questions. Wrong order is a frequent error in reordering tasks.

Rewriting a sentence so it keeps the same meaning but changes form, for example from active to passive or direct to reported speech, often keeping a given opening word.

Arranging scrambled words or phrases into a correct, meaningful sentence. The task tests word order, grammar patterns, and the logical flow of ideas.

Telling what someone said without quoting directly, as in 'She said she was tired.' Pronouns, tense, and time words often shift back one step.

Restating the meaning of a sentence or passage in different words while keeping the same idea. It shows understanding and is useful in summaries and short answers.

The central point a passage or talk is making, which the other details support. Questions often ask you to choose the best statement of it.

A fact, example, or reason that explains or proves the main idea. Detail questions ask who, what, when, where, or how much according to the text.

A conclusion drawn from clues in the text rather than stated directly. Inference questions ask what the writer suggests, implies, or most likely believes.

Information around an unknown word, such as a definition, example, or contrast, that helps you guess its meaning without a dictionary.

Choosing the meaning of a word as it is used in a particular sentence, since one word can have several senses depending on the surrounding text.

The sentence, often first in a paragraph, that states the paragraph's main point. The remaining sentences give details that support it.

Reading quickly to find one specific piece of information, such as a date, name, or price, without reading every word in order.

Reading quickly to get the general idea of a passage, often by looking at headings, first sentences, and key words rather than every detail.

Listening to a conversation or talk to catch the overall meaning and purpose, without trying to understand or remember every single word.

Listening with a specific question in mind, such as a time, price, or place, and picking out that exact information from the recording.

A word or phrase such as 'first,' 'however,' or 'in conclusion' that signals how ideas connect. Noticing them helps you follow a talk or passage.

Moving information from a text, chart, or recording into another form, such as completing a table, form, or notice with the correct details.

A short public message giving information such as a schedule change, rule, or event. Practical reading tasks ask you to find the key point quickly.

Writing a short text with the help of prompts, notes, or a model, following a set structure such as an email, opinion paragraph, or description.

A short account of the main points of a text, written in your own words and leaving out minor details and examples.

A word or phrase such as 'because,' 'so,' or 'for example' used in writing to connect ideas and make the flow of a paragraph clear.

Marks such as periods, commas, question marks, and quotation marks that separate ideas and show meaning in written English. Correct use affects clarity and scoring.