Osaka Public High School Entrance Examination - Science flashcards
Osaka Public High School Entrance Examination - Science · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Average speed
- Total distance traveled divided by total time taken; it is not found by simply averaging the speeds of separate parts of a journey.
- Newton's first law
- An object remains at rest or moves in a straight line at constant speed unless a net external force acts on it.
- Pressure
- Force acting perpendicularly per unit area, calculated as P = F/A; the same force produces greater pressure over a smaller area.
- Ohm's law
- For a metallic conductor at constant temperature, voltage equals current multiplied by resistance: V = IR.
- Series circuit
- A circuit with a single path: current is the same everywhere, and the total voltage equals the sum of component voltages.
- Parallel circuit
- A circuit with branches: each branch receives the full source voltage, and total current equals the sum of branch currents.
- Wave equation
- Wave speed equals frequency times wavelength, v = fλ; when entering a new medium, frequency stays constant while speed and wavelength change.
- Electric power
- Power equals voltage times current, P = VI; it can also be written P = I²R or P = V²/R.
- Atomic number
- Number of protons in an atom's nucleus; in a neutral atom it also equals the number of electrons and determines the element.
- Isotope
- Atoms of the same element with equal proton numbers but different neutron numbers, giving different mass numbers but similar chemical properties.
- Ionic bond
- Attraction between a positive ion formed by a metal losing electrons and a negative ion formed by a nonmetal gaining electrons.
- Balanced equation
- Chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides, showing conservation of mass.
- Neutralization
- Reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water, as hydrogen ions combine with hydroxide ions.
- pH
- A scale of acidity: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 is basic at ordinary temperature.
- Displacement reaction
- A reaction in which a more reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal in its salt solution, such as zinc displacing copper.
- Precipitate
- An insoluble solid that separates from a solution when dissolved ions react, such as silver chloride from silver nitrate and sodium chloride.
- Cell membrane
- Thin, selectively permeable boundary around a cell that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
- Chloroplast
- Green plant-cell organelle containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose.
- Mitochondrion
- Organelle where aerobic respiration uses oxygen to release energy from glucose, producing carbon dioxide and water.
- Photosynthesis
- Process in chloroplasts that uses light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
- Enzyme
- Protein that speeds up a specific reaction in a living organism and is affected by temperature and pH.
- Meiosis
- Cell division producing gametes with half the normal chromosome number, increasing genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
- Food chain
- Sequence showing feeding relationships and energy flow, with arrows pointing from the organism eaten to the organism that eats it.
- Dominant allele
- Allele whose trait appears even when only one copy is present, masking the effect of a recessive allele.
- Earth's layers
- Crust, mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core; the mantle is solid rock that can flow very slowly.
- Igneous rock
- Rock formed when magma or lava cools and solidifies; slow cooling underground produces coarse crystals, rapid cooling at the surface produces fine crystals.
- Sedimentary rock
- Rock formed from sediments deposited in layers, then compacted and cemented; it may contain fossils.
- Metamorphic rock
- Rock altered by heat and pressure deep underground without melting, such as limestone changing into marble.
- High pressure system
- Region where air descends, warms, and becomes drier, generally bringing clear skies and fair weather at the surface.
- Cold front
- Boundary where cold air pushes beneath warm air, often producing heavy rain or thunderstorms followed by cooler, clearer weather.
- Earth's rotation
- Spin of Earth on its axis about once every 24 hours, causing day and night and apparent star motion.
- P waves and S waves
- P waves are fast longitudinal waves traveling through solids and liquids; S waves are slower transverse waves that cannot pass through liquids.