KBIT-2 study plan

Build a one-page metabolic map linking glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fermentation, labeling ATP and NADH yields at each step

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture in a table covering compartmentalization, ribosome size, and cell-wall composition

Explain membrane transport mechanisms (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary and secondary active transport, osmosis) using a single worked concentration-gradient example

Describe the secretory pathway from rough ER to Golgi to vesicle fusion, naming the coat and SNARE proteins involved

Solve 20 calculation items on water potential, osmolarity, and ATP yield per glucose

Diagram DNA replication, transcription, and translation, marking the enzymes and directionality at each step

Distinguish the three main DNA repair pathways and predict the mutation type that results when each fails

Work through Mendelian and non-Mendelian crosses (codominance, incomplete dominance, sex linkage, epistasis) and compute expected phenotypic ratios

Perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test on a dihybrid cross and state the conclusion in words

Explain gene regulation in prokaryotes (operons) and eukaryotes (chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, alternative splicing)

Trace blood flow through the heart and both circuits, naming valves and vessels in order

Relate the cardiac cycle phases to ECG waveforms, heart sounds, and pressure-volume loop events

Explain gas exchange and the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, predicting shifts from pH, temperature, and 2,3-BPG

Compare the four tissue types by structure, function, and location, with one example organ for each

Describe nervous signal transmission from resting potential to synaptic transmission, including ion movements

Re-solve every missed item from weeks 1-2 without notes and log the resolution

Connect molecular genetics to cell biology by explaining how a mutation in a mitochondrial or nuclear gene produces a measurable cellular phenotype

Complete 40 mixed-domain practice items under timed conditions and tag each error by root cause (knowledge gap, misreading, calculation, or inference)

Diagram energy flow and nutrient cycling (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) through an ecosystem, quantifying trophic-level transfer efficiency

Calculate population growth using exponential and logistic models, and interpret carrying capacity and life-table data

Explain species interactions (competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism) and predict outcomes of removing a keystone species

Interpret survivorship curves, mark-recapture estimates, and biodiversity indices from given numbers

Distinguish primary and secondary succession and identify the abiotic and biotic drivers at each stage

State the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and calculate allele and genotype frequencies from sample data

Contrast natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation as mechanisms of evolutionary change, with a worked example of each

Interpret phylogenetic trees, distinguishing homologous from analogous traits and monophyletic from paraphyletic groups

Explain speciation mechanisms (allopatric, sympatric, polyploidy) and the pre- and post-zygotic barriers involved

Classify representative organisms across the major kingdoms using diagnostic features rather than memorized lists

Compare C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis by anatomy, enzyme use, and water-use efficiency, and predict performance under given climate conditions

Trace water and solute movement through xylem and phloem, explaining transpiration pull and pressure-flow

Explain plant responses to light and gravity via auxin distribution and photoperiodism

Distinguish innate from adaptive immunity and describe antibody structure and function plus the primary and secondary response

Compare bacterial growth phases, calculate generation time from given data, and explain how antibiotics target specific structures

Summarize viral replication strategies and how vaccines generate immune memory

Explain proximate and ultimate causes of a behavior using one classic example, and interpret results of a controlled behavioral experiment

Describe neural circuits for a specific behavior (for example, courtship or learning) linking stimulus, receptor, and motor output

Identify flaws in experimental design (lack of controls, confounding variables, pseudoreplication) and propose corrections

Interpret graphs, error bars, and correlation-versus-causation claims from data descriptions

Take two full-length timed practice exams and review every error by domain