Cambodia Bac II Science key terms

The value that a function's output approaches as its input approaches a specified point, even if the function is undefined there; limits define continuity and derivatives.

The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to a variable, defined as the limit of a difference quotient; geometrically it is the slope of the tangent.

A number equal to the signed area between a graph and the horizontal axis over an interval, computed as a limit of sums; it measures accumulated change.

A number from 0 to 1 measuring how likely an event is; for equally likely outcomes it equals favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes.

A quantity having both magnitude and direction, often drawn as an arrow or written as components; forces, velocities, and displacements are vectors.

A number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i² = −1; complex numbers can be added, multiplied, and plotted on a plane.

The net force on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration (F = ma); it explains how forces change motion and defines the newton.

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred or transformed; in an isolated system the total energy stays constant.

For a metallic conductor at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference and inversely proportional to resistance, written V = IR.

A changing magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force proportional to the rate of change of flux; generators and transformers rely on this.

The ratio of light's speed in vacuum to its speed in a medium; it determines how strongly light bends when entering the material.

The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light above a threshold frequency strikes it; it shows light delivers energy in discrete packets called photons.

The SI amount of substance containing 6.022 × 10²³ elementary entities; it connects mass, particle number, and molar mass in chemical calculations.

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; because volume changes with temperature, molarity is temperature-dependent.

A logarithmic scale measuring hydrogen ion concentration, usually from 0 to 14; values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 are basic at room temperature.

A reaction involving electron transfer, in which oxidation is electron loss and reduction is electron gain; the two processes always occur together.

The use of direct current to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction in an electrolyte, causing decomposition at the electrodes; it is used in metal refining and electroplating.

A value K giving the ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, each raised to its stoichiometric power; it shows the extent of a reversible reaction at a given temperature.

A type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number; it supports growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, mainly inside chloroplasts.

The semi-conservative copying of DNA before cell division, producing two identical double helices; enzymes unwind the strands and add complementary nucleotides.

A protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction by lowering activation energy; it is specific to its substrate and is affected by temperature and pH.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, such as constant body temperature or blood glucose, through feedback mechanisms.

The genetic makeup of an organism at one or more loci, often written with allele symbols; it interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype.

The process by which individuals with inherited traits that improve survival and reproduction leave more offspring, so those traits become more common over generations.

The Khmer epic adapted from the Ramayana, telling of Prince Rama, Sita, and Hanuman; it is central to Cambodian literature, dance, and mural art.

A genre of Khmer didactic poetry offering moral instruction on conduct, social roles, and Buddhist values; Chbap Pros is a well-known example studied in schools.

A famous Khmer romantic narrative poem about the love between Tum and Teav, often read as a tragedy caused by social pressure and separation.

The patterned count and arrangement of syllables in traditional Khmer poetry, with named meters that govern rhythm and rhyme; recognizing meter helps analyze poetic form.

Writing intended to teach moral lessons or proper behavior, often through maxims, examples, or narrative; much traditional Khmer literature serves this purpose.

A figure of speech that describes one thing as another without using like or as, creating an implied comparison; it shapes imagery and meaning in literary analysis.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, such as a singular subject taking a singular verb in the present tense.

A sentence structure in which the grammatical subject receives the action instead of performing it, formed with a form of be and a past participle.

A subordinate clause expressing a condition, often beginning with if, whose tense and form show whether the condition is real, unreal, or past.

A sentence, usually near the start of a paragraph, that states the paragraph's main idea and guides the supporting details that follow.

A conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning rather than stated directly; in reading, it combines textual clues with background knowledge.

The level of formality or style of language chosen for a situation, such as formal, neutral, or informal; it affects word choice and sentence structure.